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關(guān)鍵詞：標準單點定位；數(shù)據(jù)處理；精密星歷；鐘差
中圖分類號： N37 文獻標識碼： A 文章編號：
GPS自投入使用以來，正向著實時、高精度、高可靠性的方向發(fā)展。在GPS應(yīng)用中，通常采用相對定位的作業(yè)模式， GPS技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，相對定位作業(yè)模式被發(fā)現(xiàn)存在一些不足，隨著各種研究的不斷深入，產(chǎn)生了一種解決這些不足的方法，即GPS精密單點定位技術(shù)，它可以利用單臺接收機在全球范圍內(nèi)進行高精度的獨立的靜態(tài)或者動態(tài)定位，利用衛(wèi)星星歷及衛(wèi)星鐘差，以單臺雙頻接收機采集的非差相位和偽距數(shù)據(jù)作為主要觀測值來進行單點定位，可以直接得到分米級甚至厘米級的高精度的ITRF框架標。
一、GPS標準單點定位的基本原理
偽距單點定位是利用測碼偽距觀測值以及由廣播星歷提供的衛(wèi)星軌道參數(shù)和衛(wèi)星鐘改正數(shù)來獨立確定單測站的絕對位置的定位方法，它具有速度快，數(shù)據(jù)處理簡單等優(yōu)點，其精度也足以滿足部分用戶的需要，是導(dǎo)航及低精度測量中所用的一種定位方法。本文以偽距單點定位為基礎(chǔ)研究了電離層與對流層誤差模型。
利用單點定位方法進行動態(tài)定位時，由于每個載置只能進行一次觀測，故精度較低，但可以通過平滑或濾波等方法來消弱噪聲，提高定位精度。利用單點定位方法進行靜態(tài)定位時，由于點位可反復(fù)測定，當(dāng)觀測時間較長時可提高定位精度。
二、GPS標準單點定位的主要誤差源及改正模型
1．電離層延遲
電離層延遲是GPS點定位中的一種重要誤差源，也是致使差分GPS系統(tǒng)的定位精度隨流動站和基準站間距增加而迅速下降的主要原因之一。地球高層大氣的分子和原子在太陽的紫外線，X射線和高能粒子的作用下電離，產(chǎn)生自由電子和和正負離子，形成從宏觀上說仍然是中性的等離子體區(qū)域，稱為電離層（劉經(jīng)南，1999）。由于存在大量的自由電子和正負離子，當(dāng)衛(wèi)星信號穿過電離層時，如同其他電磁波一樣，信號的路徑會發(fā)生彎曲，傳播速度也會發(fā)生變化，從而使得測量所得到的距離就會不等于衛(wèi)星至接收機間的幾何距離，這種偏差叫電離層折射誤差。
2.對流層延遲
對流層一般泛指非電離大氣對電磁波的折射。非電離大氣包括對流層和平流層，是高度為50km以下的大氣層部分。對流層靠近地表面，容易從地面獲得輻射能量，使其溫度隨高度的上升而降低，當(dāng)GPS或GLONASS衛(wèi)星信號通過對流層時，傳播的路徑會發(fā)生彎曲，從而使測量的距離產(chǎn)生偏差，這種偏差叫對流層折射誤差。對流層的折射率在很大程度上受到大氣壓力、溫度和濕度的影響。在大氣正常狀態(tài)下，天頂方向干分量延遲約占整個對流層延遲的90%。濕分量的影響比干分量的影響要小得多，約占整個流層誤差的10%。由于對流層折射對GPS和GLONASS信號傳播的影響情況比較復(fù)雜，一般采用對流層誤差改正模型來進行減弱。對流層改正模型通常是對天頂方向的對流層干濕分量分別進行建模，然后使用一個投影函數(shù)將其投影到衛(wèi)星與測站連線的方向上。
3.多路徑
在GPS或GLONASS測量中，如果測站周圍的反射物所反射的衛(wèi)星信號（反射波）進入接收機天線，這將和直接來自衛(wèi)星的信號（直接波）產(chǎn)生干涉，從而使觀測值偏離真值，這種由于反射信號所引起的觀測值誤差叫多路徑誤差。理論上，對測碼偽距而言多路徑誤差最大為近似碼長的一半，也就是對GPS C/A碼的多路徑誤差最大可達150m，對P(Y)碼的多路徑誤差最大可達15m。削弱多路徑的方法有很多，大致可分為以下幾種：
1) 選擇合適的站址。在選擇測站時，應(yīng)遠離大面積平靜的水面，遠離高層建筑物，測站也不宜選擇在山坡、山谷和盆地中。灌木叢、草、其它地面植被、翻耕后的土地以及其他粗糙不平的地面能較好的吸收微波信號的能量，是較為理想的設(shè)站地址。
2) 選擇合適的天線。選擇能抑制多路徑的高質(zhì)量的天線。為了減弱多路徑誤差，天線下應(yīng)配置抑徑板或者選擇扼流圈(choke-ring)天線。
3) 選擇合適的接收機。選擇能抑制多路徑效應(yīng)影響的接收機，例如選擇采用窄相關(guān)技術(shù)的接收機。
4) 通過估計方法減輕多路徑誤差。在計算時，過濾掉低高度角衛(wèi)星的觀測數(shù)據(jù)，因為低高度角的衛(wèi)星信號更容易產(chǎn)生多路徑效應(yīng)。在利用測碼偽距觀測值進行定位時，使用長時間的觀測數(shù)據(jù)，對定位結(jié)果進行平滑處理，也可以有效的減弱多路徑效應(yīng)的影響。另外通過一些估計方法像半?yún)?shù)法等也可以減弱多路徑誤差的影響。
4.衛(wèi)星軌道和鐘誤差
衛(wèi)星軌道誤差是指衛(wèi)星星歷所表示的衛(wèi)星軌道和真正的衛(wèi)星軌道之間的偏差值。軌道誤差主要受到跟蹤網(wǎng)的規(guī)模、跟蹤方法、跟蹤站的分布、以及軌道計算的數(shù)學(xué)模型等因素影響。衛(wèi)星星歷用來提供衛(wèi)星運動軌道的信息。它可以分為預(yù)報星歷和后處理星歷。預(yù)報星歷又叫廣播星歷，它是由地面監(jiān)控站根據(jù)對衛(wèi)星跟蹤測得的軌道外推計算得到的。由于受到諸如跟蹤站站址坐標誤差，觀測誤差，計算模型誤差，預(yù)報誤差等各種誤差的影響，廣播星歷也不可避免存在誤差。衛(wèi)星鐘的鐘差包括由鐘差、頻偏和頻漂等產(chǎn)生的誤差，也包含了鐘的隨機誤差。在GPS測量中，無論是碼相位觀測或載波相位觀測，均要求衛(wèi)星鐘和接收機鐘保持嚴格同步。盡管GPS衛(wèi)星上安裝有高精度的原子鐘（銣鐘和銫鐘），但與GPS系統(tǒng)時間之間還是存在著偏差和漂移。這些偏差的總量在1ms以內(nèi)，由此引起的等效距離誤差約為300km。
5.接收機鐘差
GPS接收機一般采用高精度的石英鐘，其穩(wěn)定度約為10-9。若接收機與衛(wèi)星鐘間同步差為1μs，其等效距離約為300m。接收機鐘差可用下面的方法進行處理：利用單點定位的方式，把每個觀測歷元接收機鐘差當(dāng)作一個獨立的未知參數(shù)，估計參數(shù)有接收機鐘差和測站坐標，在數(shù)據(jù)處理中一并求解；認為各觀測時刻的接收機鐘差之間是相關(guān)的，將接收機鐘差表示為時間多項式，并在觀測量的平差計算中求解多項式的系數(shù)。同時，也可以作為白噪聲處理，白噪聲比多項式更為逼真地描寫鐘差行為；通過在衛(wèi)星間求一次差來消除接收機的鐘差。即在每一個歷元，選一顆衛(wèi)星為參考星，其它衛(wèi)星與參考星進行衛(wèi)星間觀測值相減作一次差分。
總之，標準單點定位是目前GPS界的一個研究熱點，本文圍繞標準單點定位的數(shù)據(jù)處理這一中心，對標準單點定位的主要誤差源和改正模型進行了一定的研究。計算結(jié)果表明，標準單點定位精度為米級，氣解算可滿足對導(dǎo)航定位精度要求不高的一般用戶需要，若對一些其他誤差加以考慮，則可以進一步提高定位精度。
參考文獻：
[1] 喬仰文,趙長勝,夏春林等.GPS衛(wèi)星定位原理及其在測繪中的應(yīng)用[M].教育科學(xué)出版社,2003.
【關(guān)鍵詞】單片機；485總線；232總線；IC卡；自動抄收
單片機在消費電子、自動化儀表、工業(yè)控制等領(lǐng)域已得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，它以靈活的設(shè)計、低廉的成本、微小的功耗在電子器件市場中占有十分重要的地位。今天越來越多的芯片廠商在不遺余力地競爭這個應(yīng)用空間。如INTEL，MICROCHIP，NEC，ATMEL等公司都已形成了自己強大的產(chǎn)品線，給產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計帶來了越來越多的選擇。
1.系統(tǒng)功能及各部件特點描述
本系統(tǒng)主要有以下幾個部分組成：電腦、城市電話網(wǎng)、數(shù)據(jù)管理機、傳輸總線、單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器及可擴展單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器、計量表。在這些組成中，單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器是整個系統(tǒng)的核心，它起著水、電及氣表的抄收工作，并將抄收的數(shù)據(jù)通過485總線傳送到與數(shù)據(jù)管理機相聯(lián)的電腦上或者通過數(shù)據(jù)管理機將數(shù)據(jù)通過公共電話網(wǎng)傳送到遠程的管理電腦上。電腦有一套與抄收系統(tǒng)相適應(yīng)的管理軟件，能實現(xiàn)遠程抄收、設(shè)置等工作。
1.1 單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器
單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器是實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)抄收的主要設(shè)備，它主要裝在小區(qū)內(nèi)的樓道內(nèi)，通過數(shù)據(jù)線與每一戶內(nèi)的水、電及氣表相聯(lián)，實時監(jiān)控每個表的運行狀態(tài)并完成數(shù)據(jù)抄收，主要有以下功能：
（1）單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器最大數(shù)據(jù)采集量為30塊計量表，內(nèi)置蓄電池，斷電后可連續(xù)工作240小時。
（2）單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上具有大屏幕LCD顯示，可實時顯示每只計量表的讀數(shù)、時間、狀態(tài)便于人工查詢。
（3）單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上帶有操作鍵盤，可直接在轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上進行系統(tǒng)設(shè)定等各項操作。
（4）單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器有記憶卡插口、記憶卡既可以作為管理體人員的身份識別卡，又是可作為人工抄表的數(shù)據(jù)存儲卡，每張記憶卡可存儲16000只表的數(shù)據(jù)。
（5）單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上有專線接口，連接小區(qū)和數(shù)據(jù)管理機，實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)自動遠傳和管理。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)管理機
數(shù)據(jù)管理機是安裝在小區(qū)物業(yè)處的設(shè)備，它是系統(tǒng)中遠傳的重要通訊設(shè)備，主要有以下特點：
數(shù)據(jù)管理機設(shè)置兩個外接插口：A接口與計算機連接，實現(xiàn)水、電、氣數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計、金額計算和打?。幻颗_數(shù)據(jù)管理機最大容量可接16萬臺單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器；若需要將水、電、氣三表數(shù)據(jù)遠傳到自來水公司、電業(yè)局、燃氣公司，用一條市話專線與B接口連接，就可實行數(shù)據(jù)自動遠傳。
1.3 可擴展單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器
可擴展單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器與單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器相比，只是內(nèi)部多了一塊擴充電路板。由于單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器之間及轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器與數(shù)據(jù)管理機之間通過485總線相聯(lián)，而485總線器件在設(shè)計上只允許每個網(wǎng)段上面掛接不超過32個設(shè)備且在小區(qū)環(huán)境下每個多段的傳輸距離以不超過1000米為佳，為了適應(yīng)小區(qū)的傳輸距離及多住戶小區(qū)的多用戶的特點，所以用擴充電路板將各個網(wǎng)段隔開，以擴充整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳輸距離與設(shè)備的掛接數(shù)量。
1.4 管理軟件
（1）微機系統(tǒng)
由586以上微機、調(diào)制解調(diào)器，IC卡讀寫器及專用票據(jù)打印機組成。
（2）軟件環(huán)境
中文Window95/98操作系統(tǒng)。
（3）軟件編制
前端平臺……采用DELPHI開發(fā)；
后端平臺……采用ACCESS數(shù)據(jù)庫；
數(shù)據(jù)采集控制采用MCS-51系列單片機系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。
（4）微機顯示界面及操作
界面友好、功能完善、操作簡便、交互性強。系統(tǒng)分為：信息查詢、統(tǒng)計輸出、遠端維護、系統(tǒng)設(shè)置和幫助五大功能。每個功能又具體細分為多個小功能，各功能模塊清晰、獨立性強、無互相干擾。
2.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中主要應(yīng)用的技術(shù)特點
2.1 聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)
借助現(xiàn)達的電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)及優(yōu)良可靠低廉的網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備實現(xiàn)了整個城市的數(shù)據(jù)中心----小區(qū)管理處----用戶的三級聯(lián)網(wǎng)，并通過分級編碼的方式實現(xiàn)了對小區(qū)及用戶和表具的層層編碼，使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，系統(tǒng)容量大。也克服了一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)對外部條件的苛刻要求，使只要有公共電話網(wǎng)連到的地方就能實現(xiàn)聯(lián)網(wǎng)及實時監(jiān)控。
（1）小區(qū)內(nèi)單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器、數(shù)據(jù)管理機及擴充板之間采用總線制連接方式
小區(qū)內(nèi)單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器之間及轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器與數(shù)據(jù)管理機之間采用485總線的方式相互連接，并利用擴展板對總線的容量及距離進行擴充，克服了傳統(tǒng)的類比系統(tǒng)布線復(fù)雜的缺點，并且降低了線纜的敷設(shè)成本。
（2）星形聯(lián)網(wǎng)與總線聯(lián)網(wǎng)相結(jié)合
在城市數(shù)據(jù)采集中心與小區(qū)物業(yè)處之間采用星形組網(wǎng)方式，媒介為公共電話網(wǎng)，這樣不僅充分利用了公共設(shè)施，也能盡量減少了本系統(tǒng)的成本；在小區(qū)物業(yè)處與各轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器之間采用485總線的方式，這樣不僅克服了惡劣的信號傳輸環(huán)境，也降低了線纜鋪設(shè)成本；在單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器與表具之間采用星形連接，讓每個表具直接通過線路連接到單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上，這樣克服了表具之間相互干擾保證了網(wǎng)絡(luò)的穩(wěn)定性，同時也適應(yīng)不同的表具排列方式。通過這種不同網(wǎng)段采用不同的聯(lián)網(wǎng)方式的特點，不僅能保證了系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定運行，而且也解決了龐大的編碼系統(tǒng)，使得小區(qū)代碼—樓道代碼—用戶代碼的編碼方式更加直接簡單。
2.2 通訊控制
（1）電腦聯(lián)網(wǎng)接口采用標準RS-232接口芯片。
（2）數(shù)據(jù)管理機通過公共電話網(wǎng)PSTN遠程與電腦聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
（3）電腦通過MODEM與遠程的數(shù)據(jù)管理機采用DTMF信號進行通訊及傳輸指令。
（4）控制信令傳輸，容易受周圍環(huán)境干擾，為提高控制的可靠性，采用了信令多次比較校驗及自動請求重發(fā)（ARQ）等技術(shù)來提高控制的可靠性。
3.硬件電路分析與軟件流程分析
3.1 數(shù)據(jù)管理機硬件電路分析與軟件流程分析
數(shù)據(jù)管理機硬件電路見附圖fig2所示。
（1）數(shù)據(jù)管理機在系統(tǒng)中的作用介紹
管理管理機在抄表系統(tǒng)中的作用是協(xié)調(diào)遠程計算機和本地計算機對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的控制權(quán)，并進行RS232與RS485之間電平轉(zhuǎn)換。結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖1。
（2）數(shù)據(jù)管理機用到的IC及其介紹
數(shù)據(jù)管理機的電路原理圖如fig2所示。在本產(chǎn)品中，用了2個max232通訊芯片、2個microchip公司出品的單片機：PIC16C54（U2）及PIC16C73（U1）、1個電子開關(guān)：4066（U5）、一個485通訊芯片：65LBC184（U6）及一個實時時鐘芯片（U7）：PCF8583。
（3）數(shù)據(jù)管理機工作原理
J1連接本地計算機的串行接口，J2連接MODEM通過電話線與遠程計算機連接。平常狀態(tài)下，本地計算機具有485總線控制權(quán)，可以直接與總線上的設(shè)備進行通信。當(dāng)遠程撥號連接或自動撥號時，U1將控制4066切換通信線路，并無效本地計算機的CTS信號，這樣，本地計算機讓出總線，由遠程計算機控制總線，實現(xiàn)遠程抄表。U2的作用是控制485接口芯片U6的通信方向，完成485與TTL電平轉(zhuǎn)換，U3，U4完成TTL電平與232電平轉(zhuǎn)換，從而實現(xiàn)485與232的電平轉(zhuǎn)換。U1是主控制芯片，協(xié)調(diào)整個系統(tǒng)工作。U7是實時時鐘芯片，也存放著自動撥號的設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)。
3.2 單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器功能介紹
單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器是整個系統(tǒng)中的核心設(shè)備，它擔(dān)負三表（水、電、氣表）的數(shù)據(jù)采集、顯示、設(shè)置、數(shù)據(jù)抄收及將數(shù)據(jù)傳送到數(shù)據(jù)管理機等任務(wù)。單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器將數(shù)據(jù)從表上采集到后，管理人員可以直接用IC卡從單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上收集采集到的數(shù)據(jù)，也可以通過數(shù)據(jù)管理機遠程讀取采集到的數(shù)據(jù)。在電路上，我們將它設(shè)計成三個部分：數(shù)據(jù)采集部分（采集板），權(quán)限設(shè)置、功能設(shè)置及數(shù)據(jù)讀取部分（本地用IC卡讀?。@示板），數(shù)據(jù)通訊部分（通訊板）。根據(jù)需要，為了擴展采集表的數(shù)據(jù)及傳輸距離，還可根據(jù)需要增加擴展功能部分（擴展板）。
3.3 數(shù)據(jù)采集部分（采集板）
采集板為單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器產(chǎn)品上的一個子功能板，它的主要功能將單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器外聯(lián)的表具的數(shù)據(jù)實時采集并存儲在存儲器內(nèi)。采集板上共有三顆IC：PIC16C73、24WC08、DS1307。其中PIC16C73為采集板的主控芯片；24WC08為1024bytes的E2PROM，DS1307為實時時鐘芯片，內(nèi)有64bytes的RAM。
A、轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器與計量表的連接
轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器底部共有10個出線孔，從左往右1、2、3……10，其中第2孔至第9孔，每組為8條不同顏色的線。每相臨兩組顏色相同的線為一對。第1孔出線為8根，出線的顏色分別為兩紅、兩黑、一白、一藍、一綠、一黃，其中白、藍兩色線接變壓器輸出端，兩紅、兩黑待轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器通電后對接（紅對紅、黑對黑），綠黃兩線為信號通訊線。
B、水表、燃氣表接線表
水表和燃氣表可以共用同一個轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器，每個轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器最多可接30個雙干簧管的水表或燃氣表，這30個表可分為4組，每組分別為8個、8個、8個和6個表。每個表上有3條線，其中1條是公共線，2條是信號線。
3.4 人機交互部分（顯示板）
顯示板是本機中人機交互的部分，主要有以下功能：
本機中的顯示部分采用128*64點陣的LCD顯示器，它用來顯示操作所需要的所有信息。鍵盤輸入功能：
由于本機可以在單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器上查詢每個表的數(shù)據(jù)、抄表等功能，本機設(shè)計了20個按鍵。
IC卡抄收功能：
本機在設(shè)計上允許抄表員通過不同權(quán)限的IC來抄表，所以將這部分的功能全部集中到顯示板上來控制。
3.5 通訊擴展板的設(shè)計
由于單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器之間是通過485總線進行通訊的，所有的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器與數(shù)據(jù)管理機都是掛在485總線上的，而根據(jù)485總線的定義及小區(qū)的實際物理條件，每一段485總線最多只能掛不超過32個設(shè)備，且每段總線不能超過1000米。如果一個小區(qū)有不超過31個樓梯，而每個樓梯可以用一臺轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器進行采集，并且小區(qū)最長的距離不超過1000米，那么就不需要對總線進行擴展。但隨著城市建設(shè)的高速發(fā)展，住宅小區(qū)向大型化發(fā)展，小區(qū)的樓房越來越多。根據(jù)調(diào)查，目前在中等城市的住宅小區(qū)有很多都超過3000戶，而小區(qū)的最長距離超過3000米。為適應(yīng)這種需求，我們就要在設(shè)計上在距離及用戶數(shù)量方面進行擴充。目前最經(jīng)濟的辦法就是直接對485總線進行擴展。通訊擴展板就是為此而設(shè)計的，在應(yīng)用上，可以根據(jù)需要將通訊擴展板置入某一臺單元轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器中，對總線進行容量及距離上的擴展。
4.總結(jié)
城市水、電及煤氣表自動抄收系統(tǒng)是隨著城市的發(fā)展及人們對節(jié)能環(huán)保越來越重視的背景下發(fā)展起來的一種新型三表自動抄收方式，它不僅解決了繁雜的抄表工作，而且還能根據(jù)節(jié)能環(huán)保的要求進行分時段計費，并能根據(jù)要求實時對整個用電、水及氣網(wǎng)進行監(jiān)控，為我國推行分時計費及節(jié)能減排提供了技術(shù)上的保證。作者根據(jù)自己的工作實踐經(jīng)驗，結(jié)合單片機的特點，在此提出一種利用單片機設(shè)計水、電及氣表自動抄收系統(tǒng)的原理及其實現(xiàn)方法。
參考文獻
各位老師，大家好！很榮幸能夠有機會在這里與大家進行交流，今天我與大家分享的是單元整體目標下的對話課教學(xué)，今天我結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實踐與理解與大家談?wù)勎覍υ捳n教學(xué)的一些淺薄的認識。在我們PEP教材中，對話占有較大的篇幅，它不僅僅體現(xiàn)在我們Let’s talk部分中，在我們的Let’s learn、Let’s read中，也可以看到它的身影。實際上，我們的英語課，從課的一開始老師便以對話的形式和學(xué)生進行交流，不管是單詞教學(xué)也好，閱讀教學(xué)也好，應(yīng)該說我們無時無刻都在進行著對話，只是我們每堂課的教學(xué)側(cè)重點不同而已。那么，一節(jié)對話課的結(jié)構(gòu)是什么樣的呢？首先讓我們一起再來深入的認識一下對話課。（切換1）
對話課一般是由一段對話和一個任務(wù)型活動組成的。對話課的教學(xué)用途就是讓學(xué)生在生活中能用英語做事情，能與別人自由交際。對話課的教學(xué)目的是通過課堂教學(xué)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生說的能力，提高會話技巧，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生初步運用英語進行交際的能力。那么它的教學(xué)重心就是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的交際能力。那么我們來看看新課程標準對對話課提出了哪些具體要求呢？（切換2）
義務(wù)教育階段英語課程的總目標提出：通過英語學(xué)習(xí)使學(xué)生形成初步的綜合語言運用能力，促進心智發(fā)展，提高綜合人文素養(yǎng)。課程的基本理念：第2點指出“面向全體學(xué)生，關(guān)注語言學(xué)習(xí)者的不同特點和個體差異?！钡?點指出“強調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)過程，重視語言學(xué)習(xí)的實踐性和應(yīng)用性?！?那么我們對話課的設(shè)計及教學(xué)就要圍繞著新課標的要求來展開，通過我們的活動設(shè)計達成培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語進行交際的目標。（切換三）
英語對話課的教學(xué)模式一般為：多元導(dǎo)入引入話題——創(chuàng)設(shè)情境 展開話題——運用話題 多維操練——總結(jié)評價 鞏固提升幾個步驟，下面我們就這幾個步驟的具體操作來進行交流。（切換四）
首先第一步多元導(dǎo)入，引入話題。俗話說興趣是最好的老師。所以這一部分的目的主要是創(chuàng)設(shè)英語學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，以舊帶新，為新課學(xué)習(xí)做準備。在形式的選擇上，力求生動、活潑、新穎，學(xué)生樂于參與。但我們不管選用哪一種形式，我們要以單元總體目標位基礎(chǔ)，我們教材中的對話基本上以單元為整體，一個單元一個內(nèi)容，每個單元中的幾篇課文都是相互聯(lián)系著的，所以我們的對話課是在單元總體目標的前提下開展的，單元總體目標的把握要精準，為此，每上一堂新課之前，我們應(yīng)該先考慮如何以舊帶新，用舊知識為本課新授內(nèi)容作一個鋪墊，或者有意識地為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一個良好的語言環(huán)境，讓學(xué)生通過情景表演自然而然地過渡到新授內(nèi)容上。下面我就給大家介紹幾種常見的導(dǎo)入方式。（切換五）
1.直接導(dǎo)入 可以幫助學(xué)生頭腦中系統(tǒng)的知識構(gòu)建的形成，起到為后續(xù)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)做鋪墊的作用。除了我們已經(jīng)熟知的幻燈片、實物以及卡片外，還可以利用現(xiàn)有或自編的chant來直接導(dǎo)入新課。例如，在講授四年級上冊unit3 partA Let’s talk的時候，我就直接用了一個自編的chant進行導(dǎo)入，tall tall tall, He is tall; short short short,she is short;cute cute cute,she is cute;quiet quiet quiet,he is quiet.這個chant簡單易學(xué)，并把學(xué)生以前的知識儲備調(diào)動出來，為本節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。（切換六）
2.游戲?qū)?單一的直接導(dǎo)入一直到底，學(xué)生必然會由新奇到習(xí)慣，由習(xí)慣到不以為然。此時我們可以參考TPR教學(xué)法，變換導(dǎo)入形式，讓孩子的多項器官協(xié)調(diào)起來，以培養(yǎng)他們積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度。 例如，教授四年級上冊unit3 partB Let’s talk的時候，我就采取了游戲?qū)敕?。首先我用照片遮擋的形式讓學(xué)生運用前面所學(xué)內(nèi)容猜測照片中的人物，然后讓學(xué)生進行描述，其他同學(xué)猜測的方式進行游戲。孩子們的積極性很高，不僅復(fù)習(xí)了前邊的內(nèi)容，也將他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣充分調(diào)動起來。（切換七）
3.情景導(dǎo)入 以一定的教學(xué)情境為切入點，使學(xué)生在一個真實或虛擬的情境中進行交際、交流，培養(yǎng)開放型思維，以利于學(xué)生能夠形成用英語進行簡單日常交流的能力。而英語的交際功能又是在一定的語言情境中體現(xiàn)的。例如，在教授unit2 partB Let’s talk的時候，我將自己的鉛筆盒和學(xué)生的鉛筆盒混在一起，創(chuàng)設(shè)鉛筆盒找不到的情景，學(xué)生通過詢問我一些小問題，幫我找到鉛筆盒的情景進行引入，基礎(chǔ)好些的同學(xué)通過What’s in your classroom 能夠問出What’s in your pencil box 基礎(chǔ)差一些的同學(xué)也會問Is it big 等問題，孩子們開動腦筋，把自己學(xué)過的知識盡可能的拿出來用，這也形成了一個簡單的交際話題。 （切換八）
4.多媒體導(dǎo)入 多媒體是目前教學(xué)中大家普遍采用的一種教學(xué)手段。由于多媒體具有集圖形、聲音、動作、板書于一身的特點，所以對于生性好動的小學(xué)生而言，多媒體教學(xué)可以激發(fā)他們耳、眼、口、腦器官整合。而且多媒體也比較能夠體現(xiàn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的邏輯承接關(guān)系。（切換九）
5.歌曲導(dǎo)入
英文歌曲是一種很能活躍課堂氣氛的教學(xué)形式。有的單元的教學(xué)內(nèi)容的導(dǎo)入采用歌曲會收到很好的效果。例如，Unit6第一課時，我們就可以用Mummy finger這首歌進行導(dǎo)入，節(jié)奏明快，而且還能復(fù)習(xí)家庭成員的稱呼。
導(dǎo)入的方式多種多樣，我們可以根據(jù)具體的課型需求，設(shè)計不同的導(dǎo)入方式，但不管選用哪種導(dǎo)入方式我們要切忌拖泥帶水，浪費時間。（切換十）
下面我們來看第二個環(huán)節(jié)創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，展開對話。人類學(xué)家馬林斯諾指出：如果沒有語言情景，詞就沒有意義，也不能代表什么。因此，詞語也只有在情景語境中才能產(chǎn)生意義。同樣，對話亦是如此。對話是在一定情景下的習(xí)慣性語言，脫離了情景，對話也就失去了意義。在教學(xué)中，我們雖然不可能將真實的生活情景搬入課堂，但能模擬真實情景，創(chuàng)設(shè)接近生活的真實語言環(huán)境，這有利于學(xué)生理解和掌握對話內(nèi)容。在處理文本的時候我們一般會采用從整體到部分然后再到整體，或者從部分到整體的處理方式，那么在這里，我主要對第一種方式，結(jié)合四年級下冊Unit3 Weather PartB Let’s talk一課進行說明。（切換十一）
在這節(jié)課的設(shè)計中，我直接向同學(xué)們介紹了Chen Jie的朋友Mark，然后拋出問題What are they talking about 第一次播放錄音，讓學(xué)生整體感知課文，了解文章大意。然后再次進行提問What’s the weather like in New York 第二次播放錄音，著重分段理解課文。最后繼續(xù)追問How about Bei Jing 學(xué)生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容進行回答。學(xué)生對這個問題理解之后，我馬上對前兩個句型進行操練，在這里進行了本節(jié)課的第一次小組合作——小組對學(xué)，用他們事先準備好的卡片進行問答練習(xí)，這樣不僅理解了本課的句型，也進一步讓學(xué)生掌握了該句型。三次的課文錄音，讓學(xué)生從整體到部分詳細理解了課文，重點句型的操練讓學(xué)生本課的內(nèi)容從熟悉到熟練逐步掌握，為之后的運用打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
在這一環(huán)節(jié)中，我們要針對對話中出現(xiàn)的新語言點，把握好重難點，針對重難點句子創(chuàng)造接近學(xué)生真實生活的語言情境，來幫助學(xué)生理解和掌握對話內(nèi)容，加深記憶。（切換十二）
第三個環(huán)節(jié)運用話題，多維操練。每一模塊都有一個鮮明的語言功能，話題和任務(wù)。教師在呈現(xiàn)目標語句后，需要采用多種方式練習(xí)句型。一般情況下，目標語是必須要達成的重點任務(wù)，其他支撐語可根據(jù)學(xué)生的實際水平靈活處理。在這一環(huán)節(jié)，教師要做到靈活駕馭教材，要創(chuàng)造性的使用教材，做到用教材教而不是單純地教教材。在這里我給大家介紹幾種常見的操練方式。（切換十三）
1、在表演中操練對話。
學(xué)生是天生的表演“藝術(shù)家”。教師為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一定的情境后，鼓勵學(xué)生扮演情境中某一人物，使其興致勃勃地進入學(xué)習(xí)境界，在特定的情境中操練和運用所學(xué)對話，從而避免句型操練的單一和枯燥。例如對于低中年級的學(xué)生，教師可根據(jù)課文人物制作頭像，讓學(xué)生扮演文中的人物，練習(xí)課文對話。而對于小學(xué)高年級的學(xué)生則可以讓他們充分發(fā)揮，表演對話內(nèi)容。比如表演結(jié)識新友或看醫(yī)生、借東西、問路等，幫助學(xué)生理解對話內(nèi)容，激發(fā)他們內(nèi)在的表達欲望，達到操練對話的目的。在Weather這一課的處理上，我就讓學(xué)生扮演課文中的角色，練習(xí)對話，通過人與電腦的角色對話，學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間的角色轉(zhuǎn)換，來達到練習(xí)對話的目的。（切換十四）
2、在游戲中操練對話。
好動、好玩是孩子們的天性，我們可充分利用這一心理特點，在英語對話操練中，適當(dāng)運用英語游戲，不僅可以緩和課堂教學(xué)的緊張氣氛，還有助于消除學(xué)生的疲勞。另外，又可以使學(xué)生在饒有興趣的游戲中積極思維，掌握知識，并能使每個學(xué)生都參與進來，令課堂氣氛熱烈，大大激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣。（切換十五）
3、情景活動操練
“生活化”這一設(shè)計理念在我們的對話課設(shè)計過程中是十分重要的。語言的運用離不開實際生活，人類學(xué)家馬林斯諾指出：“如果沒有語言情景，詞就沒有意義，也不能代表什么。因此詞語也只有在情景語境中才能產(chǎn)生意義?！蓖瑯?，對話也是如此。我們也可以從學(xué)生的認知水平和生活經(jīng)驗出發(fā)，設(shè)計情景化的拓展操練活動，情境創(chuàng)設(shè)要真實有效，貼近生活。我們可以利用實物、模型、簡筆畫和多媒體課件等創(chuàng)設(shè)盡可能真實的直觀交際情景，使學(xué)生如同身臨其境。（切換十六）
4、任務(wù)型活動操練
任務(wù)型活動是以具體的任務(wù)為操練動力或動機，以完成任務(wù)的過程為操練的過程，它為學(xué)生提供了很大的實踐空間，能很好的發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動性，任務(wù)型活動以人為本，以應(yīng)用為動力，以應(yīng)用為目的，以應(yīng)用為核心，使對話中的語言知識真正得到學(xué)以至用。任務(wù)型活動是我們在拓展操練中常用的一種有效的操練活動，我們教師圍繞對話中的交際目的和語言項目，設(shè)計出具有明確目標和可操作性的任務(wù)化的操練活動讓學(xué)生參與。例如，在講授四年級上冊Unit1 PartB Let’s talk的時候，我就設(shè)計了一個開展大掃除的任務(wù)活動，讓學(xué)生具體參與到分配打掃任務(wù)的活動中來，在活動中練習(xí)和運用本單元所學(xué)的語言知識。
在操練環(huán)節(jié)，我建議大家要充分發(fā)揮小組合作的作用，我們可以通過小組對學(xué)，三人活動，小組群學(xué)等不同的小組合作方式，設(shè)計不同梯度的操練內(nèi)容，在激發(fā)學(xué)生參與性的同時，保持學(xué)生濃厚的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，讓學(xué)生在輕松而愉快的氛圍中掌握本節(jié)課的內(nèi)容。（切換十七）
第四個環(huán)節(jié)總結(jié)評價，鞏固提升。該環(huán)節(jié)中老師拓展交際對話情景，努力創(chuàng)造接近生活的輕松的課堂環(huán)境，讓師生互動、生生互動的對話演繹得以實現(xiàn)，并對本堂課內(nèi)容進行小結(jié)，評出優(yōu)勝小組等。從而激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣，增強學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的信心，進一步強化學(xué)生的英語交際能力。例如，在講Weather一課時，在鞏固提升這一環(huán)節(jié)，我就設(shè)計了一個去旅行，然后介紹當(dāng)?shù)靥鞖馇闆r，并打電話與同伴交流的小組活動。首先由老師和三位同學(xué)進行對話展示，給學(xué)生一個示范，然后學(xué)生以小組為單位展開活動，最后根據(jù)小組展示情況，評選出優(yōu)勝小組，并給予加分獎勵。學(xué)生的積極性很高，小組加分也刺激了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，進一步培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的英語交際能力。（切換十八）
一､ 詞匯(10分)
A) 根據(jù)句意及首字母提示,寫出空白處所缺的單詞｡
1. This morning I o______ , so I was late for school.
2. By the time I got to school, the bell had already r______ .
3. My alarm clock didn’t g______off yesterday.
4. A friend once invited me to a c______party.
5. What happened to Dave on April F______Day?
B) 根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示,寫出空白處所缺的單詞｡
6. The policeman asked me to______(描述) what the thief was like?
7. What he said to us was very______(令人信服的).
8. He was very______(窘迫的) because he didn’t answer the question correctly.
9. One of my ______ (親戚) came to my house last night.
10. Before the earthquake happened, thousands of people______(逃離)from their homes.
二､ 單項選擇(10分)
1. When I______ the railway station, the train______.
A. arrived; had left B. got to; left
C. reached; had left D. arrived at; left
2. ―I am sorry I______ your dictionary on the sofa.
―Please don’t forget______ it here tomorrow.
A. forgot; to bring B. left; to bring
C. forgot; to take D. left; take
3. ―Did you come to work on foot this morning?
―I came here______ my father’s car.
A. in B. by C. with D. for
4. ―When did your uncle______ Shanghai?
―Last night.
A. arrived in B. got to C. reach D. arrive
5. It’s difficult for her to succeed, but we hope she can______it.
A. finish B. make C. get D. do
6. He said he______ to London for four times.
A. has been B. has gone C. had been D. had gone
7. ―We never know______ the old man is.
―They say he is a teacher.
A. what B. how C. where D. which
8. Do you know where John is? He was going to meet me earlier, but he didn’t______.
A. stay up B. show up C. put up D. give up
9. The problem is______hard______no one can work it out.
A. too; to B. very; that C. such; that D. so; that
10. The color of her skirt is different from______ of mine.
A. it B. that C. this D. one
三､ 動詞填空(10分)用括號內(nèi)所給動詞的正確形式填空｡
1. My mother______(cook) when I got home yesterday.
2. There______(be) an English party next Friday.
3. By the time the policeman came, the robber______(run) away.
4. I______(live) in Hefei since I______(move) to China 3 years ago.
5. He said that he______(see) the film for three times.
6. Look, the children______(play) soccer in the park.
7. My father often______(watch) TV on Sunday, but he______(visit) Uncle John next Sunday.
8. When I got there, he______(drink) three bottles of beer.
9. Before he came to Beijing, he______(teach) English for 5 years in his hometown.
10. We______(plant) two thousand trees by the end of last year.
四､ 漢譯英(20分)根據(jù)漢語句子,完成英語句子｡每空限填一詞｡
1. ―你怎么了?__________ ________to you?
―我睡過頭了｡ I______ this morning.
2. 當(dāng)我到學(xué)校時, 我意識到我把作業(yè)忘在家中了｡
When I_________ _________school, I______ I__________ ________my homework at home.
3. 當(dāng)她走進教室時,鈴已經(jīng)響了｡
_______ _________ ________ she walked into the classroom, the______ had______.
4. 我上學(xué)從來不遲到｡
I’ve________ _________ ________ _____school.
5. 我的鬧鐘不響了｡
My______ clock didn’t______ ______.
6. 我必須等他出來｡
I have to_________ _________him to_____ _______.
7. 昨天我的朋友從旁邊經(jīng)過, 讓我搭了便車｡
Yesterday my friends________ __________ and______ me____________.
8. 上一個星期天我整夜沒睡｡在星期一我非常疲憊｡
Last Sunday I__________ ________ the whole night. On Monday I__________ ________.
9. 他講話如此令人信服以致于數(shù)百人都相信了這個故事｡
What he said was______ convincing__________ _______ _______people believed the story.
10. 路上我們的汽車壞了兩次｡
Our car________ __________twice______ the way.
五､ 單句改錯(10分)從A､B､C､D中找出錯項并加以改正｡
1. Could you tell me how long you have bought the book?
A
B
C
D
2. Invite a famous singer to my show is the most important thing I must do now.
A
B
C
D
3. This dish smells so terribly that I won’t order it.
A
B
C
D
4. The tickets which you booked will send to you in an hour.
A
B
C
D
5. We happened to see Susan pass by with her new car just now.
A
B
C
D
6. I wonder why are you so exhausted.
A
B
C
D
7. On April Fool’s Day, he asked his girlfriend to marry with him.
A
B
C
D
8. You’d better get dress for the coming party.
A
B
C
D
9. I won’t forget the bag in the hotel if you call me up in time.
A
B
C
D
10. By the time you left school, he had begun his own company.
A
B
C
D
六､ 完形填空(10分)
Richard found work in a big office after he had finished college. He liked to use his 1 and was good at his work. So he was often paid more than his workmates and he worked 2 . But something was wrong with the young man one month. He couldn’t fall 3 at night. So he was always 4 in the daytime and often made mistakes. He had to go to a hospital. The 5 looked him over and told him to buy some highly effective sleeping pills. He took them 6 he went to bed. Soon after that he went to sleep. Richard 7 in the morning, he had a look at the clock on the wall. It was a quarter to seven. He got up and went to work after 8 . As soon as he went in the office, he said to the head of the office, “Good morning, Mr Clarke! I’ve 9 had a good sleep like last night’s. And I’m feeling much better now!”
“Skunk(混蛋)!” the head 10 loudly. “We’ve looked for you for two days! I wanted you to do something important, but it’s too late now!”
1. A. hand B. head C. ear D. nose
2. A. hard B. fast C. harder D. faster
3. A. asleep B. alone C. afraid D. behind
4. A. well B. hungry C. thirsty D. tired
5. A. doctor B. policeman C. driver D. nurse
6. A. after B. since C. before D. because
7. A. stood up B. woke up C. stayed up D. lay down
8. A. meal B. dinner C. party D. breakfast
9. A. always B. usually C. never D. often
10. A. laughed B. shouted C. smiled D. asked
七､ 閱讀理解(20分)
(A)
Visit Forest Zoo. Come and see the Indian elephants and the new tigers from Northeast of China. The beautiful birds from England are ready to sing songs for you, and the monkeys from Mount Emei will be happy to talk to you. The lovely dogs from Australia want to laugh at you. Sichuan pandas will play balls for you. The giraffes from Africa are waiting to look down on you.
Tickets Opening time
Grown-ups(成人):￥3 9:00 a.m.～4:00 p.m.
Children: Over 1.4m: ￥2 except Friday
Under 1.4m: Free 10:00 a.m.～3:00 p.m.
Keep the zoo clean!
Do not touch, give food or go near to the animals.
1. Why does the writer introduce so many animals from different places to us?
A. Because the writer wants to frighten us in the zoo.
B. Because the writer wants to make us lovely in the zoo.
C. Because the writer wants to attract us to the zoo.
D. Because the writer wants to show us that animals can do everything.
2. How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his son of three?
A. ￥3. B. ￥4. C. ￥5. D. ￥6.
3. We can visit the zoo at______.
A. 8:30 a.m. Wednesday B. 9:30 a.m. Friday
C. 3:00 p.m. Sunday D. 5:00 p.m. Tuesday
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. We can spit(吐痰) everywhere.
B. We can throw things everywhere.
C. We should keep the zoo clean.
D. We can play with the animals.
5. From the passage we can infer(推斷) a giraffe must be a very______ animal.
A. fat B. short C. strong D. tall
(B)
Last week, 169 Junior 1 students at No. 35 Middle School of Shenyang took their first no-teacher exam. After the teacher handed out the exam papers, he left the room and never came back. A student collected in the papers when the exam ended.
“That test was not only a test of knowledge, but also a test of moral(道德). We wanted to show students how important honesty(誠實) is,” said Cai Wenguo, the school’s headmaster. The school says no cheating(作弊) happened in the test. Next year, it wants 80% of its exams to be without teachers. But the students have different ideas.
“I was happy and excited during the exam because my teachers trusted(信任) me,” said Lang Yudan, a 13-year-old girl in Class 11.
“Schools must trust students a lot not to use invigilators(監(jiān)考人). But I think it is too early. Some students will cheat if there are no invigilators. And the students will not be able to ask for help when needed,” said Hua Sha.
“I don’t like having invigilators in exams. When they walk around the classroom, they make me nervous. I would get higher marks without them in the room because I would feel more relaxed,” Liu Qingxi said.
“I think it’s very important to have invigilators in exams. Many students want to check their answers with each other after they have finished their papers. And they can also keep the classroom in order when something unusual happens. They may make me nervous, but I still think we need them,” Shangguan Yuan said.
Not using invigilators may be a good idea. But before using it, schools must tell students the importance of honesty and try to find ways to solve unusual problems in exams.
6. The passage mainly talks about______.
A. how to pass an exam
B. how to make students honest
C. whether there is cheating in exams
D. whether invigilators are needed in exams
7. No. 35 Middle School of Shenyang held ano-teacher exam to______.
A. let the students have a good rest
B. teach the students in a better way
C. help all the students pass the exam
D. find whether the students were honest
8. From what the students have said, we know______.
A. invigilators really help them a lot
B. all of them think it is a good idea
C. something unusual never happens in exams
D. not all of them agree with the headmaster
9. What does Hua Sha think about no-teacher exams?
A. It’s a good idea to have no-teacher exams but something must be done first.
B. If there are no invigilators, the students will certainly get lower marks.
C. Exams without invigilators will never be held since students are not honest.
D. She thinks it’s the best way to show that schools trust their students a lot.
10. The underlined word “they” in the passage refers to “______ ”.
A. students B. headmasters C. invigilators D. school
八､ 書面表達(10分)
請講述你最倒霉的一天｡
參考詞語: watch TV, alarm clock, go off, wake up, run to the bus stop, get to school, realize, leave, remember, go home
Unit 11
一､ 詞匯(10分)
A) 根據(jù)句意和括號內(nèi)的漢語提示,寫出空白處所缺的單詞｡
1. When is it______(安全的) to cross the road?
2. Would you please not______(停車) your car here?
3. I______(想知道) why she isn’t happy today.
4. He______(借) his bike to me yesterday.
5. The______(雜貨店) is across from the post office.
B) 根據(jù)句意,用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空｡
6. “Could you please make room for the old woman, young man?” said the conductor______(polite).
7. There were many people on the bus, so it was very______(crowd).
8. He told us a very______(interest) story a moment ago.
9. Taiwan Island is the______(large) island of the three.
10. His bad health is a great______(advantage) for him to get a well-paid job.
二､ 單項選擇(15分)
1.______ right and you will find the furniture store on your left.
A. Turn B. Turning C. To turn D. If you turn
2. I didn’t know______.
A. if he has been to England
B. where did he come from
C. when will he have a birthday party
D. why he was late
3. She seems to prefer______ soap operas to______ to me.
A. watch; talk B. watching; talking
C. to watch; talks D. watches; talked
4.______ is also for fun to watch people play chess.
A. It B. This C. That D. One
5. There is always______ in the mall.
A. something happening B. happening something
C. something to happen D. to happen something
6. He was the first______there.
A. to arrive at B. to get to C. to arrive D. reach
7. Don’t______ late in the night with those bad young men. Your parents will worry about you.
A. take out B. hang out C. carry out D. put out
8. ―Where were you when the accident happened?
―I was______ Uncle John’s.
A. in B. on C. for D. at
9. Mr Brown dressed up______ Father Christmas on Christmas Day.
A. for B. in C. as D. like
10. We don’t know if it______ tomorrow. If it______, we will go skating.
A. will snow; snows B. will snow; will snow
C. snows; will snow D. snows; snows
三､ 完形填空(10分)
Happiness is for everyone. You don’t need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time.
In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your 1 into it. When you are in 2 at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good 3 of your life and your health; when you get 4 , your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something 5 , people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your 6 . If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always 7 you.
Happiness is not 8 money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can’t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more 9 to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋轉(zhuǎn)的) door. When it 10 , it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.
1. A. heart B. hand C. head D. feet
2. A. pupils B. trouble C. room D. office
3. A. friendship B. knowledge C. out D. care
4. A. beaten B. punishment C. failure D. success
5. A. wrong B. right C. badly D. worse
6. A. teachers B. happiness C. friends D. parents
7. A. with B. between C. around D. among
8. A. the same B. a same as
C. the same as D. as same as
9. A. problem B. trouble C. difficulty D. chances
10. A. is asked B. offers C. closes D. is given
四､ 閱讀理解(20分)
(A)
The story told to all American children about honesty is about the cherry tree that President George Washington cut when he was a boy. In China, every child knows the story of Lei Feng, the young soldier who helped others and was very honest. The stories of George Washington and Lei Feng help us understand the importance of being honest.
Every teacher wants his or her students to be honest. If every student can be honest in their childhood, they will be honest when they grow up. The country will then be known as an honest country and it will be respected by everyone.
Usually, it is the father and the mother who give the first lesson of honesty. George Washington learned honesty from his father.
A favourite Chinese story is about a young man who went to the market to buy food for his mother. There was a very young girl selling flowers in the market. The young man stole one flower when the girl served her customers. When he went home, he began to think what he had done. He went back to the market to find the girl. He told her that he was sorry and that he wanted to pay her for the flower. The little girl refused and said, “You do not need to pay for the flower, elder brother. Since you took it, I thought you had a reason to do so, so I did not worry about receiving money for it.” The young man was ashamed that he stole the flower. He could never forget about the importance of being honest.
1. What do we know from the stories of George Washington and Lei Feng?
A. George Washington was the President of America.
B. Lei Feng was a young soldier who helped others.
C. We had heard the stories when we were only children.
D. They help us understand the importance of being honest.
2. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Teachers want their students to be honest.
B. If every student can be honest in their childhood, they will be honest when they grow up.
C. The little girl received the money that the young man paid for the flower.
D. The young man who stole the flower would never forget about the importance of being honest.
3. Who is the first person to give lessons of honesty to a child?
A. George Washington. B. Lei Feng.
C. His/Her parents. D. His/Her teacher.
4. Why did the little girl refuse to get the young man’s money?
A. Because the young man had realized his mistake.
B. Because her flowers were free.
C. Because she knew the young man well.
D. Because the flowers were very cheap, and she sent one to the young man.
5. What should be the best title of this passage?
A. Honesty
B. Children Should Be Honest
C. The Stories Of George Washington And Lei Feng
D. A Story About Honesty
(B)
Different people have different ideas about time. People in the USA think that it is important to know the time. In cities in America, there are clocks in stations, factories and other buildings. Radio announcers(播音員) give you the correct time during the day. Most Americans also have watches with them wherever they go. They want to do certain things at certain time. They don’t like to be late.
But time is not so important to everybody in the world. When you visit a country in South America(南美洲), you will find that people there don’t like to rush. If you had an appointment(約會)with somebody, he could probably be late, because he may not want to arrive on time.
In South America, even the radio programs may not begin on time. The men on the radio may not think it is important to tell the exact time. People in South America think that clocks or watches are just machines. They think that you let a clock or a watch control(控制) your life if you do everything on time.
6. You can see clocks in stations, factories and other buildings in the USA because______.
A. Americans want to make these places beautiful
B. Americans want to sell these clocks
C. Americans think that it is important to know the time
D. Americans are proud of these clocks
7. Americans don’t want to be late when______.
A. they go to stations, factories or other buildings
B. they do certain things at certain time
C. they are free
D. they go to the films
8. The underlined word “rush” in the passage most probably means
“______ ”.
A. jump B. hurry C. run D. walk
9. If you have an appointment with someone in South America, he may not arrive on time, and this is because______.
A. he doesn’t have a watch
B. he forgets to have a watch with him
C. he doesn’t think it is necessary to arrive on time
D. he doesn’t think the appointment is important
10. In this passage, we can see that time is very important to______.
A. the people in the USA B. the people in South America
C. the people in Canada D. everybody in the world
五､ 漢譯英(10分)根據(jù)漢語句子,完成英語句子｡每空限填一詞｡
1. 他的電腦和我的相同｡
His computer is________________________mine.
2. 超市在書店旁邊｡
The supermarket is__________________the bookstore.
3. 今年夏天我打算到中國的南方度假｡
I’m going to________________________in the south of China this summer.
4. 一切取決于我們是否有足夠的資金｡
Everything__________________ whether we have enough money.
5. 孩子們在海邊玩得很開心｡
The children__________________at the seaside.
六､ 情景交際(15分)根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容,在空白處填上一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,使對話意思完整､通順｡
A: Excuse me. Can you tell me the 1 to No. 1 Middle School?
B: Yes, I’m a student there. I’m going to school now. You can follow me.
A: Thank you! I’m new in No. 1 Middle School. My name is Tom. May I know your name?
B: Wang Gang. Why 2 your parents send you to school for the first time?
A: Well, I prefer doing things by myself. However I’m 3 today. You are so helpful. Thank you!
B: It’s a 4 ! We are schoolmates now. 5 you please help me with my English?
A: Certainly! I’m 6 in Chinese. Could you teach me Chinese?
B: Sure! Let’s help each other.
A: Good 7 .
B: By the way, 8 do you like Chinese traditional music?
A: Very much! Erhu, dizi and pipa sound really wonderful.
B: There is going to 9 a Chinese traditional music concert at the Capital Stadium. I’ve got two tickets. Would you like to come with me?
A: 10 love to. Thanks very much!
B: You’re welcome.
七､ 書面表達(20分)
假設(shè)你叫王芳,是某電視臺英語頻道“School English”欄目的忠實觀眾｡請根據(jù)下列信息給該欄目的主持人Cathy寫一封英文信,并表達你對這個欄目的良好祝愿｡
優(yōu)點: 內(nèi)容豐富（有故事、游戲、英文歌曲等），有利于提高英語水平（詞匯量、聽說能力）；能了解更多的外國文化。
不足: 語速有點快；每周只播出兩次。
要求: 1. 語句通順,合乎邏輯;
2. 詞數(shù):80～100個單詞｡信的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出,不計入總詞數(shù)｡
December 5, 2006
Dear Cathy,
I like your program very much.
Yours sincerely,
Wang Fang
Key to Unit 10:
一､ 1. overslept2. rung3. go4. costume5. Fool’s6. describe
7. convincing8. embarassed9. relatives10. fled
二､ 1-5 CBACB6-10 CABDB
三､ 1. was cooking2. will be/is going to be3. had run4. have lived, moved5. had seen 6. are playing7. watches, is going to visit8. had drunk9. had taught10. had planted
四､ 1. What, happened, overslept2. got, to, realized, had, left3. By, the, time, bell, rung4. never, been, late, for5. alarm, go, off6. wait, for, come, out7. came, by, gave, a, ride8. stayed, up, was, exhausted9. so, that, hundreds, of10. broke, down, on
五､ 1. D｡ have boughthave had2. A｡ InviteInviting3. B｡ terriblyterrible4. C｡ will sendwill be sent5. D｡ within6. C｡ are youyou are7. D｡ marry withmarry8. B｡ get dressget dressed9. B｡ forgetleave10. C｡ had begunhad started
六､ 1-5 BCADA6-10 CBDCB
七､ 1-5 CACCD6-10 DBDAC
八､ One possible version:
Today is my most unlucky day. I kept on watching an interesting TV play last night and didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock. My alarm clock didn’t go off in the morning. By the time I woke up, it had already been 8 o’clock. I dressed myself quickly and ran out to the bus stop without breakfast. But unfortunately, by the time I got to the bus stop, the bus had left. So I had to run to school. When I got to school, I realized I had left my homework at home. At that moment I wanted to run back home to get my homework. I found nobody was in the school. And then I remembered it was Saturday. There was no class on that day. So I had to go home. What a bad day I had!
Key to Unit 11:
一､ 1. safe2. park3. wonder4. lent5. drugstore6. politely
7. crowded8. interesting9. largest10. disadvantage
二､ 1-5 ADBAA6-10 CBDCA
三､ 1-5 ABDDA6-10 BCCDC
四､ 1-5 DCCAA 6-10 CBBCA
五､ 1. the, same, as2. next, to3. take, a, vacation4. depends, on5. had, fun
六､ 1. way2. don’t3. lucky4. pleasure5. Would/Could6. weak
7. idea8. how9. be10. I’d
七､ One possible version:
December 5, 2006
Dear Cathy,
I like your program very much. It has a lot of interesting stories, attractive games and popular English songs. From your program we can learn many new words and expressions. We can improve our listening and speaking in English. We can also know more about the culture of other countries in the world. In a word, we learn a lot from your program.
I’m sorry to tell you that I can’t follow you easily sometimes because you speak a little bit fast. It’s also a pity that we can only watch your program twice a week.
Thank you for giving us a lot of fun! I wish your program a bright future!
單元知識點撥
自我介紹
用英語作自我介紹時, 通常使用“I am + 姓名”或“My name is + 姓名”句式｡例如:
Hello! I’m Mary.(=Hello!My name is Mary.) 大家好!我是瑪麗｡
詢問他人姓名
1. 用英語詢問他人姓名時,通常使用“What’s your name?”,答語通常為“My name is + 姓名”｡例如:
―What’s your name, please? 你叫什么名字?
―My name is Alan. 我叫艾倫｡
2. 英文“姓名”三特點
(1) 先“名”(given name) 后“姓”(family name),“姓”和“名”分開書寫,且首字母要大寫(注:中文姓名是先“姓”后“名”)｡例如:
My name is Wang Liping. Her name is Jack Smith. 我叫王麗萍,她叫杰克?史密斯｡
(2) Mr.(先生)､Mrs.(夫人)､Miss(小姐)､Ms.(女士) 等稱呼語只能加在姓前面而不能加在名前面｡例如:
This is Mr Brown. His full name is Jim Brown. 這是布朗先生,他的全名為吉姆?布朗｡
(3) 表示職務(wù)､職業(yè)等名詞一般不和姓氏連用｡例如,我們稱呼“張老師”､“李大夫”為Teacher Zhang､Doctor Li｡需要稱呼別人時,在其“姓”前加上Mr.､Mrs.､Miss､Ms.等就行了(注:中文姓名的“姓”常和一些行政職務(wù)､職業(yè)等名詞連用｡比如:李主任､陳老師等)｡
詢問他人的電話號碼
詢問他人的電話號碼時,通常用“What’s your phone number, please?”,其答語為“It is + 號碼”｡例如:
―What’s your phone number, Li Ming? 李明,你的電話號碼是什么?
―It’s 4492981. 是4492981｡
課文疑難解析
1. ―My name’s Jenny.
―I’m Gina. Nice to meet you!(P1)
“Nice to meet you!”通常用來問候他人,意為“見到你(我) 很高興!”,相當(dāng)于“It’s nice to meet you.”,其應(yīng)答語為“Nice to meet you, too.”,意為“見到你(我)也很高興!”｡例如:
―Hello, Gina. Nice to meet you! 你好,吉娜!見到你(我)很高興!
―Nice to meet you, too. 見到你(我)也很高興!
2. Hello! What’s your/his/her name?(P2)
my, your, his, her 等后接名詞,用來表示物品的歸屬,叫作形容詞性物主代詞(以后還將學(xué)到其它幾個這類詞)｡這幾個詞的意思分別為“我的”､“你的”､“他的”和“她的”｡例如:
This is my pen and that is his pen. 這是我的鋼筆, 那是他的鋼筆｡
單元難點點津
be 動詞和人稱代詞的正確搭配是本單元的難點｡人稱代詞的人稱和數(shù)決定著動詞 be 的形式,其一般現(xiàn)在時的形式有:
I―am; you―are; he―is; she―is; it―is; you―are; we(我們)―are; you(你們)―are; they(他們)―are
我們可以利用下面的歌謠助記:
be 動詞三變化,am, is 加上are｡ 我(I) 用am,你(you) 用are｡ is 跟著他(he)､她(she )､它(it)｡ 單數(shù)主語用is,復(fù)數(shù)主語都用 are｡
單元考點回顧
1. ―May I have your name, please?
―________
A. I’m a student.
B. Yes, you can’t.
C. You can call me Tom.
D. My friend is Tom.(2005年安徽課改區(qū))
2. Who’s that boy over there? Do you know________name?
A. she B. her C. he D. his(2004年眉山市)
3. ―Are you Mr Thomas Green?
―Yes, but you’d better call me Mr________ , or________for short.
A. Thomas, Green B. Tom, Green
C. Green, Tom D. Green, Thomas(2002年青島市)
4. ―________ is your telephone number?
―8652738.
A. How B. What
C. How many D. How much(2004年 昆明市)
5. ―Look ! The old woman lying on the ground is badly ill.
―Oh, dear! Let’s call________quickly.
A. 119 B. 120 C. 121 D. 122(2005年岳陽市)
答案與解析:
1. C｡ “May I know you name, please?”用來詢問他人姓名,語氣比“What’s your name?”更委婉｡文中詢問的是對方的姓名,故答案選C｡
2. D｡形容詞性物主代詞用作定語,表示物品的歸屬,其后通常跟名詞,故答案選D｡
3. C｡ 英文姓名先名后姓,稱呼語須加在姓名或姓之前｡本題中的 Thomas是名,Green是姓,Thomas可簡稱為Tom,故答案選C｡
4. B｡ 詢問某人的電話號碼要用“What is sb’s telephone number?”,故答案選B｡
5. B｡ 既然有人“badly ill(病得很重)”,當(dāng)然要撥打“120”尋求醫(yī)療急救,故答案選B｡
Unit 2Is this your pencil?
單元知識點撥
確認物品歸屬常用“Is this(that) your(his, her...) + 名詞?”句式｡例如:
―Is this your pen? 這是你的鋼筆嗎?
―Yes, it is. 是的,它是｡
―No, it isn’t. It’s his pen. 不,是他的｡
如何拼讀單詞常用“How do you spell ...?”提問｡例如:
―How do you spell this word? 你如何拼讀這個單詞?
―W-A-T-C-H， watch.
課文疑難解析
1. Excuse me, Sonia. Is this your pencil?(P8)
excuse me是禮貌用語,意為“勞駕,打擾”,用于估計自己的行為可能會對別人造成影響而提前向別人致歉,也可用來請求別人幫助做某事｡例如:
―Excuse me. Are you Mr Green? 勞駕,你是格林先生嗎?
―Yes, I am. 是的,我是｡
―Excuse me. Where is the bookstore? 請問書店在哪里?
―Just around the coner. 就在拐彎處｡
2. Found: A set of keys. Please call David at 529-6403.(P11)
(1) “數(shù)詞(當(dāng)數(shù)詞為one時,可用a 或an代替)+ set , box等表示計量的名詞 + of + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用來表示事物的數(shù)量｡無論該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞 of 之后的名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)名詞,當(dāng)數(shù)詞大于1時, set , box等表計量的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式｡例如:
one cup of tea =a cup of tea 一杯茶; two cups of tea 兩杯茶
one set of keys =a sets of keys 一串鑰匙; three sets of keys 三串鑰匙
(2) “callat + 電話號碼”意為“按照某一號碼給某人打電話”｡例如:
Call me at 4492966, please. 請撥4492966打電話給我｡
單元難點點津
對“Is this(that) your(his, her...)...?”句式作答時,同學(xué)們極易出錯｡列舉如下:
―Is this(that) your notebook? 這(那) 是你的筆記本嗎?
―Yes, it’s.(×)/Yes, this is.(×)/Yes, it is.(√) 是我的｡
―No, this isn’t.(×)/No, it isn’t.(√) 不,不是我的｡
易錯點提示:
（1） 對該句式作肯定簡略回答時, it 和is不能使用縮寫形式｡
（2） 對該句式作簡略回答時, this 或 that須用it 代替｡
單詞巧記
本單元學(xué)了不少有關(guān)文具的名詞: backpack(雙肩背包), pencil case(文具盒), book(書), dictionary(字典), pen(鋼筆), pencil(鉛筆), eraser(橡皮擦),ruler(尺子), pencil sharpener(卷筆刀)
助記:小華上學(xué)校,肩上背書包;包里裝文具(盒),樣品真不少;書本､字典､筆,橡皮､尺､和(卷筆)刀｡
單元考點回顧
1. Linda, there’s somebody knocking at the door. Go and see who________is.
A. he B. she C. it D. that(2004年河南省)
2. ―Linda, the new term is coming , do you need a schoolbag?
―Yes, I’m going to buy________this afternoon.
A. it B. this C. one D. that(2005年黃岡市)
3. ―________, what’s the time?
―Sorry, I don’t have a watch.
A. Sorry B. Excuse me
C. Yes D. Pardon(2002年寧夏回族自治區(qū))
4. ―What would you like to drink, girls?
―________, please.
A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees
C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees(2003年黃岡市)
5. We have bought two________for the coming party.
A. box of apple B. boxes of apples
C. box of apples D. boxes of apple(2005年吉林省)
答案與解析：
1. C｡ 空白處填it不是用來指代事物,而是指代進門前身份和性別都不清楚的敲門人,故答案為C｡
2. C｡ it 和 one 都可用來指代物品,但表示數(shù)量時,用one不用it,故答案為C｡
3. B｡ 打擾別人前先要說“Excuse me”表示歉意,故答案為B｡
4. C｡ 學(xué)習(xí)“數(shù)詞 + 表計量名詞 + of + 名詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)時,應(yīng)當(dāng)注意數(shù)詞和計量名詞在數(shù)量上的對應(yīng)關(guān)系,故答案為C｡
5. B｡ 解析同上｡
Unit 3This is my sister
單元知識點撥
介紹和辨認人時常用下列句式:
(1) I’m... =My name is... 我是……｡
(2) This/That/He/She is... 這(那/他/她)是……｡
(3) These/Those/We/They are... 這些(那些/我們/他們)是……｡
(4) Is this/that/he/she...? 這(那/他/她)是……嗎?
(5) Are these/those/you/they...? 這些(那些/你們/他們)是……嗎?
例如:
(1) Hello! My name is Li Lei. This is my friend， Mike. 你好,我是李雷,這是我的朋友，邁克｡
(2) ―Are these her pens? 這些是她的鋼筆嗎?
―Yes, they are. 是的,是她的鋼筆｡
課文疑難解析
1. That’s Anna and that’s Paul.(P15)
這是個由并列連詞and把兩個簡單句連接而成的并列句｡又如:
My father is a teacher and my mother is a doctor. 我爸爸是個老師,我媽媽是個醫(yī)生｡
2. Thanks for the photo of your family.(P17)
“the photo of your family”意為“你家人的一張照片”,介詞of 常用來表示某物的歸屬｡又如:
These are the trees of our school. 這些是我們學(xué)校的樹｡
3. Here is my family photo!(P17)
副詞 here 或 there 置于句首時,若句子的主語是名詞時,要用倒裝語序,即用“Here/There + 謂語動詞 + 主語(名詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)｡例如:
Here comes the bus. 公共車來了｡
There goes the bell. 鈴響了｡
單元難點點津
1. 英文稱呼詞的含義不如中文稱呼詞那么具體明了,如 sister, brother, cousin, uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother 等詞都有兩種或多種含義,其在文中的確切含義要根據(jù)句意或上､下文來確定｡例如:
This is my uncle―my father’s younger brother. That is my aunt―my mother’s sister. 這是我的叔叔,他是我爸爸的弟弟｡那是我的姨媽,她是我媽媽的妹妹｡
2. these, those 分別是 this, that 的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可指人,也可指物｡對“Are these...?”/“Are those...?”句式作肯定或否定回答時,指示代詞 these, those 須用 they 代替｡例如:
―Are these your books? 這些是你的書嗎?
―Yes, these are.(×)/Yes, they are.(√) 是的｡
―No, these are.(×)/No, they aren’t.(√) 不是｡
3. 西方國家的女子在結(jié)婚前隨父姓(少數(shù)隨母姓),婚后改隨夫姓｡例如:女子 Helen Smith 在結(jié)婚前姓 Smith,當(dāng)他和 Mike Green 結(jié)婚后,人們便稱其為“Helen Green”或“Mrs Green”｡
單詞巧記
本單元的主要生詞是稱呼語: grandparent, grandfather, grandmother, parent(s), father, mother, uncle, aunt, brother, sister, son, daughter, cousin
助記:這是我家的家譜,我把人頭數(shù)一數(shù):
grandfather 稱祖父, grandmother 叫祖母；
father 父, mother 母, parents 是父母；
brother 是兄弟, sister 姐妹來稱呼；
uncle 叔､伯､舅, aunt 姨､嬸､姑；
daughter 是女 son 是兒,一家和睦真幸福!
單元考點回顧
1. My sister is a clerk.________works in a bank near here.
A. She B. He C. I D. You(2005年北京海淀區(qū))
2. The man over there is my brother.________is a doctor.
A. She B. He C. Hers D. His(2001年北京市)
3. Thanks for________my grandpa when I was away.
A. looking after B. look over
C. looking at D. look for(2005年陜西省)
4. The Smiths are watching the men’s table tennis match after dinner. [詞義替代]
A. Mr. Smith B. The Smith
C. Smiths D. The Smith family(2005年河北省)
5. Li Fang’s parents work hard.
Li Fang’s________and________work hard.[改為同義句](2003年廣西省)
6. It is a large room.(改為復(fù)數(shù)句)________________ large rooms.
(2003年甘肅省)
答案與解析：
1. A｡ I, you, he, she, it, you, they, we(我們) 等都是人稱代詞主格,在句中充當(dāng)主語｡不同的人稱代詞主格作主語時,句子謂語動詞的形式也不一樣｡
2. B｡ 解析同上｡
3. A｡ “Thank you for doing sth”意為“謝謝你做了某事”,其中介詞 for 的后面跟動詞的－ing形式,故答案為A｡
4. D｡ “the+ 姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”意為“姓……的夫妻倆”或“姓……的一家人”｡“the Smiths”意為“史密斯夫妻倆”或“史密斯一家人”,故答案為D｡
Ⅰ. 詞匯
A) 根據(jù)句意及已給首字母的提示,寫出空白所缺單詞的正確形式,使句子意思完整,語法正確｡
1. ―Which do you like, music or art?
―Both. But I p ______PE.
2. He never tells a lie. He is an h______boy.
3. There are many things on d______in the museum.
4. I like the song that has great l______ .
5. My aunt is good at taking photos. She is a good p______ .
6. The picture r______me of what I had seen in Beijing.
7. When Edison was young, he showed i______in science.
8. They haven’t had lunch yet, so I e______they’re hungry.
9. You need a lot of e______to work with young children.
10. Boys and girls, please remember! W______you do, you must try your best.
B) 根據(jù)句意及括號內(nèi)的漢語提示,寫出空白處所缺的單詞,完成下列各句,使句子意思完整,語法正確｡
1. I______(更喜歡) bananas to apples.
2. This story______(使想起) me of my experience of being a teacher.
3. We______(期望) him to bring us something to eat.
4. They have a______(討論) about the matter.
5. My grandmother grows many______(蔬菜) in the garden.
6. If you don’t eat more food, you won’t have enough______(能量) to play basketball.
7. These______(土豆) are very fresh, and I bought them 5 minutes ago.
8. Jim is not only clever but also______(誠實).
9. It is said that this kind of food might cause______(癌癥).
10. During that time, the population of the world______(增長) slowly.
Ⅱ. 單項選擇
1. Mr Zhang is the teacher______ can speak two foreign languages.
A. which B. this C. that D. what
2. ―Do you like surfing or skating?
―I prefer skating______ surfing.
A. with B. on C. from D. to
3. ―Would you like some coffee?
―Yes, please. By the way, do you have any milk? I prefer coffee______ milk.
A. from B. with C. to D. for
4. ―______do you take the medicine?
―Three times a day.
A. How often B. How long C. How much D. How soon
5. Stop______. The baby is sleeping on the bed.
A. to talk B. talk C. talked D. talking
6. Although he is very hungry,______ he has no money to buy food.
A. and B. but C. × D. or
7. The story reminds me______ my childhood.
A. on B. of C. with D. for
8. Our Chinese teacher asked us to write______ composition.
A. a 800-words B. an 800-words
C. a 800-word D. an 800-word
9. ―What do you think of the film?
―It’s too boring. I am leaving for home. I can’t______ it.
A. like B. stand C. prefer D. show
10. This music is great because even a child of three can dance______ it.
A. to B. for C. on D. at
11. ―May I go to the cinema, Mum?
―Certainly. But you______ be back by 11 o’clock.
A. can B. may C. must D. need
12. I will stay at home if it______ tomorrow.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
13. Pass me my glasses, Jack. I can______ read the words in the newspaper.
A. hardly B. really C. rather D. clearly
14. ―Must I finish my homework tomorrow?
―No, you______.
A. can’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
15. ―Which do you prefer, oranges or apples?
―______ . I’d like bananas.
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All
Ⅲ. 漢譯英 用句子后面括號內(nèi)所給的提示詞語將下列句子翻譯成英語｡
1. 我在街上遇見的那個人是我爸爸的一個朋友｡(who)
2. 他雖然已經(jīng)在中國居住了兩年, 但是他卻一點兒也不會說漢語｡(although)
3. 這首曲子讓我想起了那個愛情故事｡(remind)
4. 與數(shù)學(xué)比較起來, 我更喜歡語文｡(prefer)
5. 我叔叔正在看的那本書是關(guān)于中國歷史的書｡(that)
Ⅳ. 選詞填空 用 who 或 that 填空｡
1. The boy______ is standing under the tree is my brother.
2. The book______ I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
3. He is the teacher______ taught us physics last year.
4. I like film stars______ are beautiful.
5. They are talking about the films______ they have seen before.
Ⅴ. 完形填空
Billy is a boy of fifteen. His parents died three years ago. One day when he was walking in the street, he 1 a wallet(錢包). He returned it to the owner, Mr Baker. He gave his 2 to the boy. As the boy had no job(工作), Mr Baker let him work for him in his 3 . Billy worked so hard that Mr and Mrs Baker were 4 with him.
Mr Baker loved planting 5 . The week before last, he brought a few trees home, planted them in the 6 himself and watered them every day. Several days 7 , he had to leave for another city. Before he started, he said to Billy, “Take good care of the trees. Some boys near our house always want to steal(偷) them.” “Don’t 8 about them, sir,” answered Billy, “I’ll try my best to watch them.”
Six days passed and Mr Baker came back. He asked, “ 9 anyone ever come to steal the trees?” “No, sir,” said Billy. “To stop someone from stealing the trees, I 10 them up six days ago. I have hidden(藏) them for almost a week!”
1. A. found B. bought C. carried D. wanted
2. A. wallet B. pity C. thanks D. excuses
3. A. factory B. room C. town D. house
4. A. pleased B. angry C. strict D. popular
5. A. flowers B. grass C. vegetables D. trees
6. A. garden B. office C. city D. room
7. A. ago B. later C. before D. after
8. A. think B. talk C. learn D. worry
9. A. Do B. Does C. Did D. Will
10. A. sent B. pulled C. put D. picked
Ⅵ. 閱讀理解
(A)
A friend’s grandfather came to America from Britain. He went into a cafeteria(自助餐廳) in lower Manhattan to get something to eat. He sat down at an empty table and waited for someone to take his order. Of course nobody did. At last, a woman with a plate full of food sat down in front of him and told him how a cafeteria worked. “Start out at the end,” she said. “Just go along the line and pick out what you want. At the other end they’ll tell you how much you have to pay.”
“I soon learned that’s how everything works in America,” the grandfather told a friend. “Life is like a cafeteria here. You can get anything you want only if you like to pay the money. You can even get success, but you’ll never get anything if you wait for someone to bring to you. You have to get up and get it yourself.”
1. The old man was______.
A. English B. American C. German D. Canadian
2. “Take his order” in this passage means______.
A. have some food booked B. put everything in order
C. eat something D. take his turn
3. Which of the following statements is true?
A. There was nobody eating in the cafeteria.
B. The woman was a friend of that old man.
C. The waiters didn’t like to serve him because he was old.
D. The woman had been to a cafeteria before.
4. From this passage, we know if you want to get success in America, you should______.
A. take your order
B. know how a cafeteria works
C. get up again if you fail
D. try to get everything by yourself
5. The best title of the story should be “______ ”.
A. From Britain to America
B. Life Is Like a Cafeteria in America
C. How a Cafeteria Works
D. Eating in an American Cafeteria
(B)
When you send a letter or a postcard, you have to put some stamps on the envelope or on the card. When did people first begin to use stamps? Who was the first to think of this idea?
In the early nineteenth century, people did not use stamps. They had to pay some money when they received letters. Sometimes they didn’t want to receive a letter at all, but they had to pay for it. They were unhappy about this. And what was more, they had to pay quite much at that time.
Rowland Hill was a school teacher in England. He was the first to think of using stamps in the 1850s. He thought it would be much easier for people to use stamps. They could go to the post office to buy stamps and put them on envelopes before they sent the letters. The post office could just put seals on the stamps so that people could not use them again. In this way, the post office did not send postmen to collect money. It only needed fewer postmen to send letters.
6. People began to use stamps______.
A. in the middle of the nineteenth century
B. about one hundred years ago
C. more than two hundred years ago
D. when people first sent letters and postcards
7. The word “envelope” in this passage means “______ ” in Chinese.
A. 郵戳 B. 郵費 C. 信簽 D. 信封
8. The passage tells that Rowland Hill______.
A. invented the first stamps B. was a postman in England
C. had got the idea to use stamps D. was the first man to use stamps
9. After the stamps were used,______.
A. postmen needn’t get money
B. people needn’t pay money
C. the post office could get more money
D. people should pay more money
10. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How did the stamps begin to be used?
B. Why were the people sent to get money?
C. When did the people first begin to use stamps?
D. Who was the first to think of using stamps?
Unit 7
Ⅰ. 詞匯
A) 根據(jù)句意及括號內(nèi)的漢語提示,寫出空白處所缺的單詞,使句子意思完整,語法正確｡
1. He had a strange way of making his classes interesting and______(生動的).
2. Can you______(翻譯) this sentence into English?
3. Mr Li______(供給) his son with comfortable living conditions.
4. Is there a______(教堂) near the village?
5. We had a______(極好的) time in the park last Sunday.
B) 根據(jù)句意及已給首字母的提示,寫出空白處各單詞的正確形式,使句子意思完整,語法正確｡
1. Going to the beach for vacation can r______ .
2. It’s d______to trek through the Amazon jungle of Brazil.
3. Could you p______me with some information about the kinds of vacations that your firm can offer?
4. Cousteau bought this ship to e______under the sea.
5. That’s my p______car.
6. S______is one of the world’s most popular water sports.
7. There are a lot of c______in the supermarket.
8. The t______is used for cleaning teeth.
9. The kites are in different s______ .
10. Shanghai is cold this time of year. You need to p______warm clothes if you go there.
Ⅱ. 單項選擇
1. ―Bob, would you like to come to our dinner party?
―______ .
A. Yes, I would B. Yes, I’d love to
C. Yes, I would like D. No, I don’t go
2. I would like to go______.
A. relaxing something B. somewhere relaxing
C. anywhere relaxing D. relaxing anywhere
3. Could you please______ me a cup of coffee?
A. to pass B. passing C. pass D. past
4. The soldiers were walking______ a forest after they swam______ the river.
A. through; across B. across; through
C. through; on D. across; though
5. We are considering______ a picnic next Sunday.
A. have B. having C. had D. has
6. Would you mind______ me carry the case upstairs?
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
7. Japan lies______ the east of China, and it’s also______ the east of Asia.
A. in; to B. on; to C. to; in D. in; on
8. I______ him to come to my birthday party next Saturday.
A. hope B. think C. wish D. make
9. ―Do you mind my opening the window?
―______ .
A. Yes, do it as you please B. No, you’d better not
C. Not at all, please do it D. Yes, never mind
10. Our school library is very nice, and it also provides us______ a large number of good books.
A. for B. on C. to D. with
11. Bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had______ money with him.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
12. I can’t understand the article______ there are a lot of new words in it.
A. though B. if C. because D. but
13. The poor man ate a big breakfast______ he said he wasn’t hungry.
A. though B. if C. because D. but
14. It rained______ in Hefei last night.
A. hardly B. heavily C. big D. heavy
15. ―Tom didn’t come to school yesterday.
―______ .
A. So did I B. So I did C. Neither did I D. Nor I did
Ⅲ. 單詞填空 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空｡
1. Why not______(go) boating with me?
2. The people here are very______(friend).
3. Where would you like______(go) on vacation, Jim?
4. Shanghai is a wonderful place for______(shop).
5. Kunming is not______(suppose) to be very hot.
6. We’d like to travel to an______(education) place.
7. Many young people love______(surf) and swimming.
8.______(live) in the country is more enjoyable than living in the city.
9. Don’t plan on______(drive) there.
10. Her beauty is______(thrill).
Ⅳ. 完形填空
My family and I want to 1 a trip this summer somewhere 2 the east of China. We would like 3 to an 4 place, and we also don’t mind 5 we have to go. We love hiking and 6 , but any kinds of exercise is fine. We also need 7 in an inexpensive hotel. It would be nice if our hotel had rooms with kitchens, so we could save money by 8 our own meals. The room needs to be 9 for three people. Also, we’d like to stay at a place with a big pool or somewhere near the sea. We want to go there by plane. We’d like to be 10 for about three weeks.
1. A. bring B. take C. make D. go for
2. A. to B. in C. on D. of
3. A. travel B. traveling C. traveled D. to travel
4. A. exciting B. interested C. excite D. excited
5. A. how long B. how often C. how soon D. how far
6. A. swimming B. swim C. swam D. swims
7. A. stay B. staying C. to stay D. stayed
8. A. cooking B. making C. eating D. buying
9. A. small enough B. big enough
C. enough big D. enough small
10. A. here B. there C. leave D. away
Ⅴ. 閱讀理解
(A)
Americans with small families own a small car or a large one. If both parents are working, they usually have two cars. When the family is large, one of the cars is sold and they will buy a van(家用面包車).
A small car can hold(容納) four persons and a large car can hold six persons but it is very crowded(擁擠). A van hold seven persons easily, so a family of three children could ask their grandparents to go on a holiday travel. They could all travel together.
Mr Hagen and his wife had a third child last year. This made them sell a second car and buy a van. There are seven seats in the van, and two of them are used to put other things, for a family of fine must carry many suitcases(衣箱) when they travel. When they arrive at their grandparents’ home, the suitcases are put into the two seats. And then they can carry their grandparents.
Americans call vans motor homes. A motor home is always used for holidays. When a family are traveling to the mountains or to the seaside, they can live in their motor home for a few days or weeks. All the members of a big family can enjoy a happier life when they are traveling together. That is why motor homes have become very popular. In America there are many parks for motor homes.
1. From the passage, we know a van is also called______.
A. a motor car B. a motor home
C. a motorbike D. a big truck
2. Before Mr Hagen and his wife bought a van, they______.
A. sold their old house B. moved to their grandparents’
C. built a new place for a van D. sold their second car
3. A motor home is usually owned by a family with______.
A. a baby B. much money
C. more than two children D. interest in vans
4. Americans usually use motor homes______.
A. to travel with all the family members during holidays
B. to do some shopping with all the family members
C. to visit their grandparents at weekends
D. to drive their children to school every day
5. Motor homes have become popular because______.
A. they can take people to another city when people are free
B. they can let large families have a happier life when they go out for their holidays
C. some people think motor homes are cheap
D. big families can put more things after shopping in the supermarket
(B)
Paragraph 1
Scientists have learned a lot about the kinds of food people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day. They are:(1) green and yellow vegetables of all kinds, (2) citrus(柑橘) fruits and tomatoes, (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables, (4) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs, (5) milk and foods made from milk, (6) bread or cereal, rice is also in this kind of food, (7) butter, or something like butter.
Paragraph 2
People in different countries and different places of the world eat different kinds of things. Foods are cooked and eaten in many different ways. People in different countries eat at different times of the day. In some places people eat once or twice a day, in other countries people eat three or four times a day. Scientists say that none of the differences is really important. The important thing is what you eat every day.
Paragraph 3
There are two problems, then, in feeding the large number of people on earth. The first is to find some way to feed the world’s population so that no one is hungry. The second is to make sure that people everywhere have the right kinds of food to make them grow to be strong and healthy.
6. According to the scientists, which of the following groups of food is the healthiest for your lunch?
A. Chicken, apples, cereal, cabbages.
B. Potatoes, carrots, rice, bread.
C. Oranges, bananas, fish, tomatoes.
D. Beef, pork, fish, tomatoes.
7. It is important for people to eat______ .
A. three times a day
B. dinner at twelve o’clock
C. cooked food all the time
D. something from each of the seven kinds of food every day
8. People in different countries and different places of the world______.
A. have almost the same kinds of food to eat
B. cook their food in the same way
C. have their meals at the same time
D. eat food in different ways
9. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. People in some places don’t have enough to eat.
B. There are too many people in the world.
C. One of the problems is that no one is hungry.
D. The scientists are trying to make people grow to be strong and healthy.
10. If there is Paragraph 4, what do you think is going to be talked about?
A. When people eat their lunch.
B. What to do with the two problems.
C. How to cook food in different ways.
D. Why people eat different kinds of food.
Ⅵ. 書面表達
每個青少年都有一個五彩繽紛的夢想｡請以 “I want to be a/an...”為題, 寫一寫你的夢想｡
詞數(shù):60～80個
內(nèi)容提示:
1. What do you want to be?
2. Why do you want to be a/an...?
3. How can you make it come true?
Key to Unit 6:
Ⅰ. A) 1. prefer2. honest3. display4. lyrics5. photographer
6. reminded7. interest8. expect9. energy10. Whatever
B) 1. prefer2. reminds3. expect4. discussion5. vegetables
6. energy7. potatoes8. honest9. cancer10. increased
Ⅱ. 1-5 CDBAD6-10 CBDBA11-15 CBABC
Ⅲ. 1. The man who I met in the street is a friend of my father’s.
2. Although he has lived in China for two years, he can hardly speak any Chinese.
3. The music reminds me of the love story.
4. I prefer Chinese to math.
5. The book that my uncle is reading is on Chinese history.
Ⅳ. 1. who/that2. that3. who/that4. who/that5. that
Ⅴ. 1-5 ACDAD6-10 ABDCB
Ⅵ. 1-5 AADDB6-10 ADCAA
Key to Unit 7:
Ⅰ. A) 1. lively2. translate3. provides4. church5. wonderful
B) 1. relax2. dangerous3. provide4. explore5. private
6. Surfing7. customers8. toothbrush9. shapes10. pack
Ⅱ. 1-5 BBCAB6-10 CCCCD 11-15 DCABC
Ⅲ. 1. go2. friendly3. to go4. shopping5. supposed6. educational
7. surfing8. Living9. driving10. thrilling
Ⅳ. 1-5BBDAD 6-10 ACABD
Ⅴ. 1-5 BDCAB 6-10 ADDCB
Ⅵ. One possible version: