發(fā)布時(shí)間:2023-03-10 14:54:53
序言:寫作是分享個(gè)人見解和探索未知領(lǐng)域的橋梁,我們?yōu)槟x了8篇的英國文化英語論文樣本,期待這些樣本能夠?yàn)槟峁┴S富的參考和啟發(fā),請盡情閱讀。
關(guān)鍵詞:語用失誤;文化;語用能力
引言
珍妮·托瑪斯(JennyThomas)于1983年在其“跨文化語用失誤”一文中首次提出了語用失誤這一概念,這位跨文化語用失誤及其原因的研究奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)?!斑@一理論框架與其他社會(huì)語言學(xué)的研究成果一起為國內(nèi)外的學(xué)者指明了方向。學(xué)者們紛紛著書立說,使這一領(lǐng)域的研究呈現(xiàn)出欣欣向榮的景象”(戴偉棟、張紅玲,2000)。學(xué)者們就學(xué)習(xí)者跨文化交際中產(chǎn)生的語用失誤、語用失誤的原因及語用失誤的研究方法等方面展開了研究,并提出了有效的避免語用失誤和提高語用能力的方法。本文就國內(nèi)學(xué)者近20年來在跨文化語用失誤方面的研究作一綜述,并談?wù)劰P者的看法。
一、語用失誤的定義及分類
一般認(rèn)為,當(dāng)說話人在言語交際中使用了符號關(guān)系正確的句子,但說話不合時(shí)宜,或者說話方式不恰當(dāng)、表達(dá)不合習(xí)慣等,具體來說,說話人不自覺地違反了人際規(guī)范、社會(huì)規(guī)約,或者不合時(shí)間空間、不看對象、不顧交際雙方的身份、地位、場合等,違背目的語特有的文化價(jià)值觀念,使交際行為中斷或失敗,使語言交際遇到障礙,導(dǎo)致交際不能取得預(yù)期效果或達(dá)到完滿的交際效果,這樣性質(zhì)的錯(cuò)誤就叫語用失誤(何自然,1997:205;錢冠連,1997:223;張巨文,2000)。珍妮·托瑪斯將語用失誤分為語用語言失誤(pragmalinguisticfailure)和社交語用失誤(so-cialpragmaticfailure)。“語用語言失誤指對語言語境把握不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的語用失誤”(張巨文,2000);“社交語用方面的失誤指交際中因不了解或忽視談話雙方的社會(huì)、文化背景差異而出現(xiàn)的語言表達(dá)失誤”(何自然,1997:207)。
二、國內(nèi)語用失誤研究
在國內(nèi),黃次棟于1984年在其“語用學(xué)與語用錯(cuò)誤”一文中首次提出了“語用錯(cuò)誤”這一概念。他詳細(xì)闡述了十種不同的語用錯(cuò)誤并且指出,在語言學(xué)習(xí)中,除了要掌握必要的語言知識如語音、語法和詞匯等外,更重要的是要掌握不同的語言形式在不同的非言語語境和背景下的運(yùn)用。他還建議有關(guān)言語行為中的語用內(nèi)容應(yīng)該增加到大綱中并且教授給學(xué)生。自此,有關(guān)語用失誤的研究日益增多,許多學(xué)者對學(xué)習(xí)者語用失誤的原因進(jìn)行了研究并提出了有效的減少語用失誤的方法。
繼黃次棟之后,何自然、嚴(yán)莊(1986)對語用失誤進(jìn)行了量的研究,他們以托瑪斯的理論為基礎(chǔ),在其“中國學(xué)生在英語交際中的語用失誤——漢英語用差異調(diào)查”一文中,對來自幾所大學(xué)的79名語言教師在語言語用失誤和社交語用失誤方面的漢英差異進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,結(jié)果表明,導(dǎo)致語用失誤的主要原因是語言語用知識和社交語用知識的缺乏。由此,他們提出,在課堂教學(xué)中應(yīng)該教授跨文化語用知識。他們的研究對于探索和分析中國學(xué)生的語用失誤有極大的實(shí)際價(jià)值。他們所采用的問卷也為今后語用失誤的研究提供了一個(gè)范例。此外,王得杏(1990)將語用失誤的研究擴(kuò)展到跨文化語用失誤的研究,并且解釋了語用失誤的原因及減少語用失誤的方法。賈玉新(1997)提出,正是文化差異導(dǎo)致了行為舉止、問候語、社會(huì)價(jià)值觀等方面的差異。戈玲玲(2002)認(rèn)為語用失誤主要源自不同的文化背景,由于說話者與聽話者分別來自不同的文化背景,他們之間會(huì)產(chǎn)生不恰當(dāng)?shù)难哉Z行為。戴偉棟、張紅玲(2002)指出,文化遷移時(shí)導(dǎo)致語用失誤的主要原因之一,他們認(rèn)為,文化遷移有兩種,即表層結(jié)構(gòu)遷移和深層結(jié)構(gòu)遷移,語言語用失誤屬于表層結(jié)構(gòu)遷移,而社交語用失誤屬于深層結(jié)構(gòu)遷移。郝欽海(2000)的“廣告語言中的跨文化語用失誤”中提出造成語用失誤的主要原因是違反了語用規(guī)約。在語言教學(xué)方面,魯健冀(1993)提出,我們在教學(xué)中總是忽略了漢語語言原則的變化,從而導(dǎo)致了母語的遷移,因此母語遷移特別是母語的負(fù)遷移是產(chǎn)生語言失誤的主要原因。:
三、結(jié)語
國內(nèi)學(xué)者對語用失誤分別進(jìn)行了質(zhì)的研究和量的研究,并從不同的角度分析了語用失誤產(chǎn)生的原因,綜上所述,造成語用失誤的主要原因有文化差異、文化遷移、母語遷移和違反語用規(guī)約,眾多學(xué)者研究了言語行為或非言語行為方面的語言失誤及其成因,他們的研究具有非常重要的實(shí)用價(jià)值。對語用失誤成因的分析也非常具體,但是關(guān)于語用失誤原因的分析僅限于文化方面,這些研究也沒有同時(shí)對言語行為和非言語行為兩方面的語言失誤進(jìn)行具體的研究,很多學(xué)者只是對語用失誤原因進(jìn)行了分析,卻沒有提出有效的提高語用能力的方法,因此,在今后的研究中,應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到言語和非言語交際兩個(gè)方面,通過調(diào)查、對比和分析對語用失誤的原因進(jìn)行更全面得分析并總結(jié)出避免語用失誤和提高學(xué)習(xí)者語用能力的有效方法。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Thomas,J.1983.Cross-culturalPragmaticFailure[J].AppliedLinguistics4(2):91-112.
[2]戴煒棟,張紅玲.外語交際中的文化遷移及對外語教改的啟示[J].外語界,2000(2).
[3]戈玲玲.教學(xué)語用學(xué)[M].湖南:國防科技大學(xué)出版社,2002.
[4]郝欽海.廣告語言中的跨文化語用失誤[J].外語教學(xué).2000(7):26-32.
[5]何自然.語用學(xué)與英語學(xué)習(xí)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1997.
[6]何自然,閻莊.中國學(xué)生在英語交際中的語用失誤——漢英語用差異調(diào)查[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,1986(3).
[7]黃次棟.語用學(xué)與語用錯(cuò)誤[J].外國語,1984(1):13-18.
[8]賈玉新.跨文化交際學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1997.
[9]李悅娥,范宏雅.話語分析[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2002.
[10]呂文華,魯健驥.外國人學(xué)漢語的語用失誤[J].漢語學(xué)習(xí).1993(1).
[11]錢冠連.語用學(xué):語言適應(yīng)理論——Verschueren語用學(xué)新論述評[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,1991(1):7-15.
(一)不明確的經(jīng)營目標(biāo)我國很多企業(yè)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)化的背景下都爭先恐后走向國外,在走向國外的接近9000多家的企業(yè)中雖然不乏又成功的企業(yè),但是卻只是占很少的比例,著主要是因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)在沒有明確目標(biāo)的情況下,貿(mào)然實(shí)現(xiàn)跨國經(jīng)營,沒有深刻認(rèn)識到走向國外的意義,認(rèn)為只要企業(yè)面向了全球,勢必會(huì)有廣闊的前景,勢必會(huì)盈利。但是事實(shí)卻是很多企業(yè)因?yàn)椴涣私膺x擇國家和區(qū)域內(nèi)消費(fèi)者的需求差異,以及在選擇合作伙伴、經(jīng)營策略上沒有進(jìn)行論證分析,造成了嚴(yán)重的水土不服,引發(fā)了企業(yè)的經(jīng)營出現(xiàn)重重困難。
(二)不合理的布局結(jié)構(gòu)中國跨國企業(yè)中大部分會(huì)出現(xiàn)布局結(jié)構(gòu)不合理的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)不合理布局結(jié)構(gòu)主要體現(xiàn)在地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)方面。從地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)上來講,投資的區(qū)域和集中,造成了我國企業(yè)內(nèi)部因爭客戶等原因發(fā)生互相壓價(jià)等現(xiàn)象,這不僅僅損害了企業(yè)自身的利益,還大大增加中國商品的反傾銷案件。而從產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)上來講,中國大部分的跨國企業(yè)哈時(shí)候還是偏重于加工和制造等比較初級產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資,導(dǎo)致跨國企業(yè)中高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)嚴(yán)重缺失。
(三)缺乏核心技術(shù)和復(fù)合型管理人才我國企業(yè)的出口產(chǎn)量很大,很多產(chǎn)品在全球范圍內(nèi)也占有一定的價(jià)格優(yōu)勢,占領(lǐng)的市場份額也不少,但常常會(huì)因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品缺少核心技術(shù)而讓產(chǎn)品性能受到壓制,只是價(jià)格低占領(lǐng)市場,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品利潤低下,不能為企業(yè)獲得最大利益。我國企業(yè)在一些高科技技術(shù)上還很缺乏優(yōu)勢,雖然我國企業(yè)的某些技術(shù)在該領(lǐng)域或者方面站在世界領(lǐng)先水平的地位上,從總體上來說,和發(fā)達(dá)國家企業(yè)還有很大差距。主要表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面:我國企業(yè)的很多技術(shù)還是從發(fā)達(dá)國家技術(shù)引進(jìn),然后再向發(fā)展中國家技術(shù)輸出,但是輸出還是一些手工藝技術(shù)等;同時(shí),在我國企業(yè)中許多高新技術(shù)從無到有的時(shí)候,發(fā)達(dá)國家企業(yè)中卻已經(jīng)是從好到精,始終不能跟上發(fā)達(dá)國家發(fā)展腳步。在經(jīng)營管理中,常常缺乏相關(guān)的優(yōu)秀管理人才,導(dǎo)致一些專業(yè)人員因?yàn)橥庹Z的原因不能管理好企業(yè)經(jīng)營,而有些則是懂得外語,卻沒有相關(guān)專業(yè)知識而影響企業(yè)經(jīng)營的管理和發(fā)展。
二、我國企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營管理改善的策略
1.我國企業(yè)想要真正的實(shí)心跨國經(jīng)營,就應(yīng)該向考慮好企業(yè)要如何開拓國際市場,僅僅是為了增加企業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售量,是為了了解全世界消費(fèi)者的需求,以此實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)導(dǎo)世界主流,還是為了能夠引進(jìn)發(fā)達(dá)國家的先進(jìn)技術(shù)提高企業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平,以此提高企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢。只有明確了企業(yè)的經(jīng)營目標(biāo)之后,企業(yè)才能夠更好的針對目標(biāo)提出企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營管理的相關(guān)策略,才能在競爭激烈的市場中占有一席之地。我國企業(yè)在進(jìn)行跨國經(jīng)營管理的時(shí)候,可以借鑒國際跨國公司發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn),將人員當(dāng)?shù)鼗鳛榛A(chǔ),再將管理當(dāng)?shù)鼗鳛楣芾砗诵?,以生產(chǎn)當(dāng)?shù)鼗托袨楫?dāng)?shù)鼗癁閮梢?,?shí)現(xiàn)跨國企業(yè)的效益經(jīng)營。2.企業(yè)要選擇合適的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和投資地區(qū)。企業(yè)首先要具有全球化的視野,對產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)行全方位的選擇,要詳實(shí)進(jìn)行可行性研究以及論證調(diào)研,然后根據(jù)獲取的利益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回避的原則上,選擇適宜的經(jīng)營國家和區(qū)域。在實(shí)際經(jīng)營管理中,還要積極的學(xué)習(xí)國外企業(yè)的先進(jìn)技術(shù),將我國企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營管理的起點(diǎn)高,并且積極快速地進(jìn)入到高附加值產(chǎn)業(yè)中去。我國企業(yè)在海外經(jīng)營有一些相對優(yōu)勢,這些優(yōu)勢主要體現(xiàn)在發(fā)展中國家、獨(dú)聯(lián)體和東歐國家中,因?yàn)槲覈?jīng)濟(jì)和前面列舉的三類國家的互補(bǔ)性比較強(qiáng),在技術(shù)上我國企業(yè)也2014年第10期中旬刊(總第567期)時(shí)代Times是具有很多相對優(yōu)勢,尤其是某些機(jī)電產(chǎn)品和成套設(shè)備,很適合在這些市場進(jìn)行發(fā)展,擁有比較廣闊的企業(yè)發(fā)展前景。由此可以得出,我國企業(yè)跨國投資的市場跨國經(jīng)營方向是:確立亞太地區(qū)作為投資的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域;繼續(xù)保持對歐美這兩個(gè)市場投資;積極開拓東歐、拉美、非洲等發(fā)展中國家(地區(qū))市場。3.因?yàn)槲覈芏嗫鐕髽I(yè)都沒有屬于自己企業(yè)的核心技術(shù),所以在跨國經(jīng)濟(jì)管理中投入大量的產(chǎn)品技術(shù)研發(fā),打造出屬于企業(yè)自己的核心技術(shù)。因?yàn)樵赪TO協(xié)議中有意向重要內(nèi)容就是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)。但是對于我國很多企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理者來說,保護(hù)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)方面的知識和意識還是十分薄弱,因此需要引起企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理者足夠的重視,通過加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)逐步掌握這一銳利武器。這都是為了跨國企業(yè)能夠打造出自己的品牌,而先進(jìn)的技術(shù)就是支持品牌的一種重要因素,所以企業(yè)就要加大研發(fā)力度,開發(fā)出具有企業(yè)自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的知名品牌和產(chǎn)品。只有這樣,企業(yè)才能在國外激烈競爭的市場中,穩(wěn)妥并快速的發(fā)展。4.還要加強(qiáng)企業(yè)內(nèi)部經(jīng)營管理人才的培養(yǎng),企業(yè)可以采取內(nèi)部員工培訓(xùn)和高薪聘請專家等多種路徑,培養(yǎng)出一批既能懂外語,又能懂得相關(guān)貿(mào)易、經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律等專業(yè)知識的高素質(zhì)復(fù)合型人才,并讓其在企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營管理中發(fā)揮出重要作用。也可以利用當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬舏nanceNO.10,2014(CumulativetyNO.567)資源,實(shí)施國外機(jī)構(gòu)人員的當(dāng)?shù)鼗芾響?zhàn)略,為企業(yè)提供管理人才,提供企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理水平。除了加強(qiáng)對人員的培訓(xùn),還要致力于開發(fā)和完善獨(dú)特的人才培養(yǎng)機(jī)制,形成終身學(xué)習(xí)、永恒成長的能力提高機(jī)制。
三、結(jié)束語
[關(guān)鍵詞]外國文化 英語學(xué)習(xí) 作用
[中圖分類號]G40-032 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A [文章編號]1009-5349(2013)08-0043-01
一、文化與語言的關(guān)系
在日常生活中,語言是文化的一部分,文化亦是語言的一部分,二者緊密相連。沒有對文化背景的一定了解,很難提高語言的實(shí)際應(yīng)用能力。文化是生活的一種體現(xiàn),它的內(nèi)容涵蓋了我們的存在、思考、感知,它是將我們大家聯(lián)系在一起的樞紐。它規(guī)范著我們在社會(huì)中的言談舉止,提醒著我們在社會(huì)中所扮演的角色。文化是一種道德約束,它告誡我們作為獨(dú)立的個(gè)體我們能夠行使的權(quán)利,還有我們對于社會(huì)的職責(zé)。
另一方面,語言是文化的載體。[1,2]它由語音、發(fā)聲、聽力所構(gòu)成的能夠交流的系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)通過聲音符號來傳達(dá)任意的交流信息。著名語言學(xué)家哈特曼認(rèn)為語言是最重要的交際工具。韋伯斯特認(rèn)為語言是一種使用約定俗成的符號、聲音、手勢和大家已知的標(biāo)識來交流思想、感覺的系統(tǒng)方法。英語的學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅是理解語言的表面意思,主要是知道語言背后代表的文化含義。語言是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,每種語言體現(xiàn)了一種特有的文化。因此,英語教學(xué)必須著重英語文化的熏陶,教師必須給予學(xué)生一定的文化知識基礎(chǔ)上,才能讓學(xué)生真正理解英語的意思。學(xué)習(xí)者只有對這些文化背景知識有較充分的認(rèn)識,才能熟練、準(zhǔn)確地使用英語。[3]
二、文化在英語教學(xué)中的重要性
對于第二語言的教師與學(xué)者來說,理解不同國家文化存在差異是非常有必要的。要學(xué)會(huì)接受這些差異,并去理解它們。在教授英語時(shí),中美文化的差異常常被一些教師們忽視,結(jié)果就是,我們的學(xué)生帶著中國文化的思想去跟外國人交流,即使擁有正確的發(fā)音、準(zhǔn)確的詞匯以及語法,在實(shí)際交流中,他們卻不能確切地表達(dá)自己甚至還會(huì)被外國人誤解他們的意思。怎樣解決這個(gè)問題呢?答案就是在英語教學(xué)中融入外國文化。
中國與外國的文化差異主要體現(xiàn)為:同一詞匯在不同文化里所代表的含義不同。例如“紅”這個(gè)字,在我國代表的含義是喜慶、吉利,但在國外代表的卻是危險(xiǎn)、血腥以及死亡;如在中國,如果有人贊美自己,那么這個(gè)人會(huì)說一些謙虛的話,但是如果夸獎(jiǎng)一個(gè)外國人,那他就會(huì)感謝你的贊美。外國人的情感表達(dá)方式一般都非常開放,他們喜歡使用特別夸張的肢體語言,像是擁抱甚至親吻臉頰,但我們中國人受傳統(tǒng)思想的影響,感情一般都比較含蓄,見面通常只會(huì)握手。因此,只有了解國家間的文化差異,才能更好地使用第二語言進(jìn)行交流。
三、學(xué)習(xí)外國文化的目的
英語作為語言是用來傳遞信息的。同樣學(xué)英語有的人能夠成功地表述自己的意思,有的人卻被誤解,主要是因?yàn)樗麄儗τ谖幕町惖睦斫獬潭炔煌?。英語是用來與人交流,表達(dá)自己想法與經(jīng)歷的工具,也是向下一代傳遞信息的工具,從這方面來說,語言也是構(gòu)成文化的一部分,它反映著我們的文化。[4]
文化差異包括語言差異因素,還有非語言差異因素。Ray等發(fā)現(xiàn),在與外國人交流過程中,非語言交流占了很大的比重。一些國家的人如果不使用手勢就無法說話,而有些國家的人卻不喜歡在說話時(shí)加入手勢。說話時(shí)加不加入手勢取決于他們的文化背景。因此,實(shí)際交流中,我們考慮的不僅是怎樣更好地使用語言,還要將非語言的文化因素考慮進(jìn)去。
四、學(xué)習(xí)外國文化的方法
中國有句古話“興趣是最好的老師”。要想讓學(xué)生對外國文化感興趣,就要從以下幾個(gè)方面著手。
(一)好萊塢電影及美劇
電影和電視劇提供給學(xué)生一個(gè)在書本上不能得到的親眼見證外國文化的機(jī)會(huì)。通過電視,學(xué)生可以更直白更簡單地理解外國文化,了解外國信息。同時(shí),外國音樂、CD、圖片能夠幫助學(xué)生全方位地沉浸在第二語言的世界里,通過這些途徑他們可以更加方便理解外國文化。
(二)外國文學(xué)史
要想了解一個(gè)國家,先從這個(gè)國家的歷史著手。外國文學(xué)作品通常都是反映不同時(shí)代文化背景下值得紀(jì)念并且能夠引起讀者興趣的故事。多讀一些文學(xué)作品,有利于提升對外國文化的興趣。
(三)教師
教師是一個(gè)非常重要的因素。學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的學(xué)生通常擁有兩大類教師,英語作為第二語言的教師和英語是其母語的教師。[5]第一類教師能夠完全理解學(xué)生的難點(diǎn),在傳授給學(xué)生英語時(shí)還會(huì)把自己學(xué)習(xí)英語的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也交給學(xué)生;而第二類教師——外教,對于學(xué)生們來說就是完全的口語訓(xùn)練者,他們鍛煉著學(xué)生的聽說能力,讓學(xué)生們能夠進(jìn)行實(shí)際的交流。
五、結(jié)論
外國文化在英語教學(xué)中至關(guān)重要。不同的國家有不同的體系、道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、人生觀、信仰等等。因此,在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中,文化教學(xué)必須與其緊密結(jié)合。教師們必須確定他們所教語言中每一個(gè)與文化相關(guān)的因素,適時(shí)傳授給學(xué)生們外國文化,提高他們對外國文化的興趣,方能成功地教會(huì)學(xué)生英語。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]潘偉華.大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的文化因素[J].中國林業(yè)教育,2007(4).
[2]陳莉莉.試析漢英顏色詞的社會(huì)文化差異[J].外語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1996(2).
[3]邢丹.高校英語文化教學(xué)淺析[J].重慶廣播電視大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2012(24).
一、優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化對青年倫理道德教育的積極影響
在對青年學(xué)生的倫理道德教育中,中國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化是重要的教育資源。
(一)優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)文化是青年學(xué)生倫理道德教育的民族根基
中國傳統(tǒng)文化的主體是儒家文化,儒家文化就其本質(zhì)特征而言屬于道德文化,注重培養(yǎng)人的道德情感體系。如今,青年學(xué)生的價(jià)值追求和價(jià)值觀念呈多元發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了一些道德迷失的現(xiàn)象,因此,青年學(xué)生的倫理道德教育工作需要尋求中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的優(yōu)秀文化資源,以此來弘揚(yáng)中國的傳統(tǒng)美德,規(guī)范青年學(xué)生的倫理道德教育。
(二)優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)文化是青年倫理道德教育的內(nèi)容源泉
教育的價(jià)值取向是歷史的、具體的、發(fā)展的。傳統(tǒng)文化中優(yōu)秀的教育資源可以作為青年學(xué)生倫理道德教育的思想源泉。如,農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)中“仁學(xué)”的內(nèi)涵,自強(qiáng)不息、厚德載物的做人之道,都可以作為青年學(xué)生的道德教育源泉,同時(shí)通過提煉、轉(zhuǎn)化,可以將其合理因素滲透到青年學(xué)生的倫理道德教育中,進(jìn)而構(gòu)建青年學(xué)生的倫理道德體系。
二、不符合青年倫理道德教育的傳統(tǒng)文化的消極影響
文化作為農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的政治附庸,中國傳統(tǒng)文化也表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)特征,傳統(tǒng)文化中部分倫理道德內(nèi)容也趨向于對封建禮法的學(xué)習(xí)和對個(gè)性的消彌。因此,中國的傳統(tǒng)文化中有與青年倫理道德教育相一致的內(nèi)容,如誠信觀念、禮讓觀念、敬老愛幼觀念、尊師重道觀念、團(tuán)結(jié)友善觀念等,也有與社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀相沖突的內(nèi)容,如以“三綱”“五?!睘楹诵牡姆饨ǖ燃売^念和以“三從”“四德”為中心的男尊女卑觀念等。
在新的歷史條件下,青年的倫理道德教育一方面要甄別傳統(tǒng)文化中符合現(xiàn)代教育價(jià)值取向的教育內(nèi)容,并賦予其新的時(shí)代精神和內(nèi)涵。另一方面,要甄別不符合社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系的教育內(nèi)容,對于傳統(tǒng)文化中激進(jìn)、落后、阻礙當(dāng)今社會(huì)與人發(fā)展的糟粕,則應(yīng)摒棄和改進(jìn),以適應(yīng)當(dāng)代青年學(xué)生的倫理道德
教育。
三、發(fā)揮優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化促進(jìn)青年學(xué)生倫理道德教育的積極作用
中國傳統(tǒng)文化具有濃厚的倫理道德色彩,在對青年學(xué)生進(jìn)行道德倫理教育的過程中,要從中國的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化中汲取養(yǎng)分,使其成為青年學(xué)生倫理道德教育的重要資源。
(一)愛國主義精神的傳承
中國傳統(tǒng)文化中始終貫穿著一種從國家、民族的整體利益出發(fā),先公后私、重義輕利的思想,并滲透著“尚公”“公忠”的道德思想,表現(xiàn)出為國家、為民族、為整體的利益不息奮斗的崇高的愛國主義精神。這種胸懷天下的情懷也正是青年倫理道德教育的民族根基和思想根源。在倫理道德教育的過程中,教師可以指引青年學(xué)生以前人為榜樣,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生以國家、民族利益為重的愛國主義精神,并從中國的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化中吸取營養(yǎng),樹立“先天下之憂而憂、后天下之樂而樂”“天下興亡,匹夫有責(zé)”的責(zé)任意識和奉獻(xiàn)精神,構(gòu)建愛國家、愛民族、愛人民的道德品質(zhì),強(qiáng)化青年學(xué)生的愛國主義情懷。
(二)謙虛禮讓精神的延續(xù)
中華民族是禮儀之邦,中國人自古講究謙恭禮讓,謙虛禮讓也成為中國倫理道德的民族特色?!疤摷赫哌M(jìn)德之基”“凡人之所以為人者,禮義也”等,都將謙虛作為自我修養(yǎng)的原動(dòng)力。面對當(dāng)代青年學(xué)生,可以培養(yǎng)青年學(xué)生“孝敬父母、尊重師長”的道德規(guī)范,培養(yǎng)其具備良好的道德品質(zhì)。同時(shí),謙虛禮讓是中華民族的優(yōu)秀道德品質(zhì),也是形成和諧社會(huì)秩序、文明的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣不可缺少的道德規(guī)范,面對青年學(xué)生,謙虛禮讓也可以表現(xiàn)在對待學(xué)習(xí)、知識技能的態(tài)度上,激勵(lì)青年學(xué)生不斷追求,不恥下問,克已讓人,寬容待人,并以此來踐行青年學(xué)生倫理道德的行為規(guī)范。
(三)誠實(shí)守信精神的發(fā)揚(yáng)
中國傳統(tǒng)文化中一直將誠實(shí)守信作為中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德。“言必信,行必果”,“以誠為本、取信于人”都是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的重要思想,也是當(dāng)代青年學(xué)生倫理道德教育、誠信教育的內(nèi)容。挖掘這一傳統(tǒng)文化資源,對于大學(xué)生培養(yǎng)良好的道德品質(zhì),協(xié)調(diào)各種人際關(guān)系及促進(jìn)和諧社會(huì)建設(shè)都有積極的意義。
參考文獻(xiàn):
Key words:Black English; American English; American Culture; Influence
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. The Characteristics of Black English 2
2.1 Phonetics 2
2.2 Grammar 3
3. The Influence on American Culture 7
3.1 The Influence on American English 7
3.2 The Influence on American Art 9
3.3 The Influence on American Literature 11
4. The Practical Significance of Black English 14
5. Conclusion 15
Acknowledgements 16
References 17
1.Introduction
Black English is a social dialect of American English, and it has been historically influenced by West African languages, General Southern American English and English-based creoles.
This kind of English shares several characteristics with the forms of Creole English spoken by people throughout the whole world. In addition, it also has pronunciation, grammatical structures, and vocabulary in common with various West African languages.[1]198 Since a large number of Black people migrate to America and they have the percentage of more than 12%, [2]496the Black English has been popularized in this country. But in the American society, people seldom realize the influence and contribution of Black English and they never give the equal state to Black people. In fact, the language and culture of American reflect the contributions of the Black English in many aspects, such as linguistic, art and literature.
Nowadays, it is reasonably acceptable to say that Black English is not only an independent language but also making practical significance to American English and the American Culture. Researchers need to study the significance in details. So this paper intends to collect the study of the characteristics of Black English, and then summarize its influences on the American English. Since the change of language can lead changes in other aspects, such as Art and Literature aspects, this paper also states the influence in detailed options.
The method of this paper is reviewing the past study and surveys, not just from the linguistic point of view or the historical aspects of Black English, but from its formation and characteristics to demonstrate the existence and development of Black English and the practical significance. Through the analysis of Black English on the profound impact of American culture, the paper advances a view on the value of Black English and its prospects. Finally it puts forward the importance and necessity of enhancing learning and research on Black Culture as the continuous improvement and economic conditions of Black people.
2. The Characteristics of Black English
Black English, as a unique variant of English, has many differences with the Standard English based on the structure of language. And this paper tends to discuss the features of Black English in phonetics and grammar aspects. Since Black English is not just a simplified version of English, it has a unique language system with the same fixed structure as any other dialect all over the world.
2.1 Phonetics
Most Black people use a distinctive English variant. This black dialect has aroused many linguists’ interests. Repeatedly been labeled as “pidgin English”, Black English’s role in the development of American Culture can not be questioned. Black English as a source of Black Culture has always been paid more attention by linguists and sociologists in nowadays.
2.1.1 The Weakened Consonant
Because of the influence of West African, some voiced consonants are the same with their form of voiceless consonant. Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/, and /g/ are always pronounced to //, //, //, and in most cases these phonemes are ignored. In order to make a difference between them, sometimes the vowel before the voiced consonants could be slightly re-read harder, take the “heat and heed”, “let and led” and “fate and fade” which is ended with the word “e” as examples.
In the syllables which are combined with consonants and vowels, some nasals can also be weakened, such as “sum, sun, sung”, and only the vowel // in the word which is somewhat influenced by the nasal.
2.1.2 The Omission of Consonant Clusters
The simplification of Consonant Clusters is an obvious feature of Black English. The mutes in English are //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //. Black English often omit the mutes in the end of a word, and the word “side”// is always pronounced to “sigh”//. This kind of omission is not arbitrary, and it is decided by the situation of pronouncing a word: when the mute at the end only represents the morpheme is not connected, for example, the frequency of reserving // is higher than integral part of the stem in the word “borrow”. It will also be reserved if there is vowel behind the mute, such as the first “d” in the phrase “tried hard”.
2.1.3 The Pronunciation of // and //
The omission of // is a notable characteristic of Black English. In American, it is a tendency of underclass to omit // before vowels but not only of Black English.[3]297Because of this kind of omission, there is no differences between “guard-god”, “fort-fought” and “sore-saw” in Black English.When // is between two vowels, the syllable after it needn’t be pronounced, as “Paris” could be read as//; when there is a word beginning with vowel behind it, the // could also be regretted.
// is voiceless before the consonant, such as the word “health” always be pronounced to // and so on. However, when // is after the vowel as the end of the word, it is assimilated by the phoneme before it, such as the similar pronunciation with “mail” and “may”//. In addition, // is voiceless before // and //, as “always”//, “already” //. The more interesting thing is that they pronounce “will” to “ah”,for example, “I ah be there in a minute.” While the correct form in Standard English is “I will be there in a minute.”
2.1.4 The Pronunciation of // and //
In Black English, // is always pronounced as // and // is always pronounced as //, for example, “think” is pronounced to be //. While the // in the end of a word is transformed to //, and “mouth” is pronounced to be //, “nothing” is to //. In addition, the “th” in the middle of a word is always pronounced to be //, so “mother” is to //, “other” is to //, and “brother” is to //.
Actually, there are many more characters than mentioned in the paper, but we can recognize the differences of phonetics between Black English and Standard English just from the mentioned examples.
Smith Thurman, a well-known expert in Black English, said that black dialect used same number of English phonemes with white, and the only difference is the distribution pattern of phoneme.[4]553
2.2 Grammar
There are also many researches who have found the special usage in grammar of Black English. For example, the different meanings in the sentences “He workin’” and “He done worked” are hard to be explained by the Standard English. The first means “He is working 253.It also indicates the difference between Simple progressive and emphasized perfective. Not only the tense plays a different role in the grammar, there are many other points such as the relative usage of the word “be”, the negation and transmission of the word.
2.2.1 Tense
Syntax best embodies the characteristics of Black English. In the verb-system, the differences between Black English and Standard English are most significant, which is most similar with pidgin and Creole their ancestors used. In Black English, the only duty of the verb in the sentence is to indicate the time concept of one or a few verbs, and other verbs can be expressed in verb stem. Sometimes when the context gives essential temporal support, the tense can be totally regretted. For example, in the following section of black sermons, the Preacher has made it clear that he is talking about the past, because both the life and devotion of Jesus have already happened: “The man Jesus,he come your sins! He the thieves and here. He die to walk the earth. He you from go among try to Save the unrighteous. The master say whoever will let him come!”
In addition, the singular verb of third person in Present Tense is not ended with “s”, for example, “She work in the factory”.
Black English has two Perfect Tenses: “Remote Perfect aspect” which is constituted by the “been” and “Immediate Perfect aspect” constituted by “done”. At this point, Black English and West African languages is extremely similar. [6]
(i) The “been” in “remote perfect aspect” has a certain meaning of action in past tense. And this kind of perfect tense could be divided into two forms: I been know him(momentary action), I been knowin’-him.(ongoing action).
(ii) “Immediate Perfect aspect” uses the auxiliary verb “done”. In modern Black English, following sentence are commonly used:
① I done go.
② I done went.
③ I done gone.
These three are used in different situations:
① Used in the Immediate Present sentences.
② Used in the Simple Past sentences.
③ Used in the semi adjective structures.
2.2.2 Relative usage of “be”
The usage of“be”in Black English is also very special. If one action, thing or state does not happen frequently, the“be”in this sentence will be deleted. For example, “he in the house -watchin’ TV”. The abbreviation of the copula such as “is” and “are” can also be deleted. In addition, when in a passive sentence the passive voice is not expressed so clearly by the speaker, “be” can also be deleted, for example, “the factory built in 1958”. However if the action happens frequently, “be” can be used as the predicate verb in the sentence“they be out in the yard every night.”
When“be” and“do” work together means this kind of thing happens frequently in the Interrogative sentences and Emphatic sentences. For example, “Do you be playing all day?” (Do they play all day?) “Yeah, the boys do mess around a lot.”(Yeah, the boys do mess around a lot.) Famous linguist William Labov researched a lot in the Black English and concluded that: all the“be”which can appear in the forming of abbreviation can be deleted in Black English. [7]113Actually, the usage of “be”is far more complex than this conclusion which is easily got from the above descriptions.
2.2.3 Negation
There are three different versions of negation in Black English: “ain’t”, “don’” and “dit’n”, which can be written as “ain’t”, “don’t” and “didn’t”. While the special usage of “ain’t” is a feature of Black English. Ain not is a negative form in past tense: I ain’t see. In a sentence, the negation always repeated: I ain’t see nothin’ like that no place. The meaning is equivalent of: I did not see anything like that anywhere. (I’ve never seen this kind of thing in any place.) When the predicate is not active verb, ain’t become the only symbol of negation. For example, I ain’t afraid of nothing. He ain’t gonna get no money out of it. Besides, it can be combined with "ing" and make up the present continuous tense. For example, we ain’t kidding and we ain’t quitting, we ain’t turning back.
The function of “ain’t” in Black English is same with the “haven’t” in Standard English. Therefore the “We haven’t contacted each of her since last Christmas.” can be evolved to “We ain’t contacted each of her since last Christmas.” Sometimes, “ain’t” can replace the phrase “didn’t” in simple negation sentence. So in Black English, sentences can be like following forms: “She ain’t email me yesterday.” The young boy insisted, “I ain’t steal his wallet.” “I ain’t run like that in years.”
Multi-negation means there is not only one symbol of negation. Under this regulation, the pronoun needs to add some mark of negation.
For example: “She ain’t see any thing/ anyone at the railway station” can be changed into “She ain’t see nothing/ nobody at the railway station”. If the subject is “nobody” but not “he” or “Janet”, it will add negative determiner at the beginning of the sentence. This is called “negative inversion” by linguists. As a result, it is very common to hear that “Didn’t nobody say nothing to the peoples!”
3. The Influence on American Culture
An important contribution of Black English is the influence on the American Culture. The familiar “negro spiritual”, the unusual rhythms and the famous performance in movie and literature —all these originated with the slaves. It is said that what is the best and most original in American popular culture has its roots in Black English. Important black speakers, singers, actors and writers are too numerous to list.
3.1 The Influence on American English
He Ruigao expresses his opinion in his article Black English that there are some differences in certain aspects of language between Black English and American English. And he believes that after all, Black English is a variant of English, so the differences are only in some degree rather than fundamental, and do not affect the people’s contacts.
It is clear that there is a strong relationship between Black English and American English, while the distinct characters of Black English are not fully explained and its origins are still a matter of debate. One theory is that Black English arose from one or more slave creoles that arose from the trans-Atlantic African slave trade and the need for African captives to communicate among themselves and with their captors. According to this theory, these captives’ language developed into what are called pidgins, simplified mixture of two or more languages. As pidgins are from closely contact between members of different language communities, the slave trade would have been exactly such a situation. Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated whites. As the time passes, the Black English gradually plays an important role in the United States and U.S. Culture.
3.1.1 The Forming of Black English
In the slave society, there are so many different languages that the natives on two sides of the river cannot understand each other. But the safest way for them to keep their authority is to trade with the different nations on both sides of the river. The famous writer, Cotton Mather, claimed to have been very familiar with his slaves’ speech, and his imitative writing shows features presented in many Creole languages and even in modern Black English. By the time of the American Revolution, varieties among slave creoles were not quite mutually intelligible.
Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated whites. In Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), Thomas Wentworth Higginson detailed many features of his soldiers' language. Shana Poplack has also provided corpus-based evidence from isolated enclaves in Samaná and Nova Scotia lived by descendants of migrations of early Black English-speaking groups. All of these researches suggest that the grammar of early Black English is closer to that of contemporary British dialects than modern urban Black English to current American dialects. We can find that the modern language is a result of divergence from mainstream varieties, rather than the result of creolization from a widespread American creole.
3.1.2 The Relations with the American English
In United States, blacks worked in this land with the identity of slaves and inherited some habits from the African culture and language, and thus gradually formed a black American society with unique culture. While the communication between the black slaves and the slavers became a major hub linking the two cultures, and produced a subtle influence to American English, which mainly reflected in English words borrowed, as well as the meaning of the word twists and turns, and the absorption of idioms. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States.
There is little regional variation among speakers of Black English.89 In order to understand the United States and American culture, and to acquire its development, Blacks melt their culture, such as language, literature and art, with those of the United States. Later, Black English is not only for Black people, it is still widely used by a number of regional dialects. Even in literature works, authors often use Black English to show the hero's nationality, identity and upbringing.
Not only the phonetics and grammar of Black English prove the influence to American language, but we can also achieve it from the assertion of Black English. For example, “the blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice” means “she is very mature and favorable”. Another example, “you aren’t got a pot to piss in on a window to throw I tout of” means that you are very pool. “If I tell you a hen hip snuff, look under its wing and find a whole box” means that all you said is true. “You never miss yo water till yo well run dry” means that “you will never feel the importance of water until you are very thirst”.[10]6-7 The representative assertion is very lively and meaningful, suggesting the wisdom of the Black English.
3.2 The Influence on American Art
When Blacks live in Africa, they have the hobby to sing and dance during laboring. But then they are later taken away as slaves by the colonists to the southern United States plantation. They work in the fields wearing shackles and live in the primitive hut in the deserted swamp and jungle. But due to this kind of suffering, they create a valuable oral literature including hymns and blues and other Black Art, which has made an outstanding contribution to the culture to the United States.
3.2.1 The Integration with Music
It is generally believed that music of blacks has some distinctive forms from American music like American Ragtime, Blues, Jazz, Musical and Country music. Ragtime was first played by a black Anonymous piano, which was very popular in the late 19th century to early 20th century. It uses segmentation rhythm, trying to evolve from the popular dance music of blacks, and then Ragtime music appears. Scott. Joplin is one of the Ragtime representatives, and his performance of “Maple Leaf pull tone” has been a smash hit, which is so famous that all of the Ragtime pianist would play in their shows.
Blues is from field horn and songs with a strong feeling of African tradition and its tunes are always sad. The most famous Blues singer is Bessie Smith, known as Blues Queen. When Ragtime, Blues and other tunes with rich colors of Africa's influence add together with the elements in Europe, the Jazz comes into being.
With the integration of grammar, the ways people sing a song become various in American. Many young people jump into the swim of “rap” and “hip-hop”, which is considered as a really fashion style to express one song and the soul. While among the most famous masters, more than 90 percent are black people, such as the episode in Prison Break.
The word “rap” meant “blame” in the middle of 18th century and was always used in phrase in the 19th, “to take the rap” meant “to take the blame”. After the civil war, black people used it to blame white people and requested the equality with them. And finally it replaced the word “conversation” to be popular among the white teenagers. There are many simplifications of words in “rap” which become totally different with American English. For example, the “er” in the end of word is changed into “a”, “nigger” into “nigga”.[11]185 Besides, the “ks” or “cks” in the end of a word can be replaced by “x” because they have the same pronunciation. All of these examples prove that it has become a new version of grammar in American English. For example, the “re” or “e” which can’t be heard during a speedy song are always omitted such as “more” and “mo”, “for” and “fo”, or the number “4”. The omission of “g” in “ing” is another new grammar in American English.
Some words also change its pronunciation. For example, in the word “through”, “gh” never being pronounced is know to all, since we pronounce “th” // in stead of // there is no difference in pronunciation with the word “true”.
In the “rap”, the Black English has many distinct characters and its lyrics tend to be more fashion and creative. Most of these new word are very short or the abbreviation of some long words so that even the local Americans can not understand. In order to keep its character of fashion, “rap” uses word on the point of fashion. Therefore, the characteristics of Black English are the foundation of “rap”, which makes it no longer a simple style of music but a diverse style.
3.2.2 The Integration with Film
Film is an integrated form of art, with combination of test technology, art and commerce, and the thought of images it brings to the human mind is revolutionary. Because it's easy to be accepted, the film is destined to be a mass media on hundreds of millions people when it appears. In a short century, Hollywood becomes a symbol of American mass culture, and the influence on American society is immeasurable.
Film expresses and promotes the life style and values of Americans. During the war era, it boosts moral e of the soldiers. While in the Depression era, it could replace the cash of the American dream and reflected the public's ideals and dreams. In this case, blacks also express their dream to achieve the equality in the American society through the film, such as Shaw shank Redemption, the Pursuit of Happiness and Death Pact and so on. Because of the success of these works and the influence on future, some later generations continued to collect and summarize the classic dialogue in these black films, and to commemorate the black culture for future generations to study at the same time.
There are two characteristics of grammar which can be easily found in the black films.First is the invariant of “be”, and second is the multi-negation of“ain’t”.The invariant of“be”is used before verb, adjective, noun and passive voice in Black English.
(i)Your gas bill be high, don’t it? (Your gas bill is usually high, isn’t it?)
(ii) My boss be in his office by 8am. (My boss is usually in his office by 8am.)
(iii)It don’t be dogged. I grease it and oil it. (It isn’t usually dogged, I grease it and oil it.)
Laurel Avenue (1993) is a story about a family’s effort to counter drug, faction and violence in order to achieve the “American Dream”. In the film, when Rashhawn’s uncle blamed on his sailing drug, he said that “What the hell I be giving you money fuh[for ]?” while his word can also be translated to “Do you know why I always give you money ? ”
It is worthy to mention that this kind of grammar in the film is also very popularized by young Latinos. Therefore, the Black English users have crossed the racial boundaries and expanded to the crowd who are favor of hip hop culture.
The multi-negation of “ain’t” can be fully realized in the most influential black filmmaker Spike Lee’s masterpiece Do the Right Thing. The story happened in Brooklyn, New York, and demonstrated an explosion caused by the ethnic problems. There are a large number of unique performances of Black English in the dialogues: “Ain’t no brothers on the wall? I ain’t run like that in years. Don’t call me no bum. Jade don’t come here no more, all right? Don’t call me nothing.”
Although many so-called “not standard”regulations of Black English have been criticized for a long time, its expression is an important means to promote Black Culture of the Hollywood directors and become a beautiful view in American films.
3.3 The Influence on American Literature
In the destiny of black, there must be a clearly visible way, on which they have worked with effort to win dignity and literary. Through their effort, it exhibited such a road as well as those marks in relation to life along the way: once in Black history, unforgettable pain is essential for the experience to the results today. Black Literature, in the United States and the world, has been mainly as slaves, especially in countries outside Africa.
The Black English writer Toni Morrison was born in black family, and later achieved today’s scholars and writer’s identity by reading. In 1993, because of her “making the important part of American society much more vigorously through the rich poetic imagination and expression”, she won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and became the only black women writer in history to be honored.
Not only the Black Literature but also the American Literature has these characters of Black English in their works.
The Sound and the Fury (1929) is written by a famous American writer William Faulkner (1897-1962). The first part, “April 7th, 1928”, describes the conversation and action between the children in the farm waiting for the coming of procession.
“I skeered I going to holler,” T.P said.
“Get on the box and see is they started.”
“They haven’t started because the band hasn’t come yet.” Caddy said.
“They ain’t going t have no band.” Frony said.
“How do you know?” Caddy said.
“I know what I knows,” Frony said.
“You don’t know anything,” Caddy said.
“She went to the tree.”
“Put me up,” Versh.
“Your paw told you to stay out that tree,” Versh said.
“That was a long time ago,” Caddy said,
“I except he’s forgotten about it, besides he said to mind me tonight. Didn’t he say to mind me tonight?”
“I’m not going to mind you, T .P and Frony are not going to either,” Jason said.[12]4
The children in this conversation turn out to be totally different between T.P, Frony, Versh and Caddy, Jason. The dialogue of the first three people has some characters of Black English. For example, “be” in the sentence “I (am) skeered (that) I (am ) going to holler” which is the distinct signal of Black English. On the contrary, the conversation of Candy and Jason do not omit this part as Jason says that “I’m not going to mind you,TP and Frony are not going to either”. And the singular verb of third person even does not have any difference with first person or any one else in the sentence “I know what I knows”. In addition, the mixture of // and // of the word “git” in the sentence “got on the box” is very common in Black English. It turns out that T.P, Frony and Versh are children of black in the farm, while Caddy and Jason are children of the farmer.
On the other hand, many black people like Frederick and William, not only struggle to learn the culture, but also use the pen as a weapon after the flight. They took active part in the abolitionist movement and expressed positive public opinions. Slave owner always treat Black people as the inferior race, so Black people’s ability to carry out literature itself is a powerful evidence of that lie, let alone the rich ideological content in their articles. And all of these proof that Black people is an excellent nation with a historical cultural tradition on the literature and their language also plays an irreplaceable role in the development of American literature.
4. The Practical Significance of Black English
In1863, 2 years before the war ended, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the Confederate states. Shortly after the war ended in 1865, the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution freed all slaves. A few years later, the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments gave the former slaves full civil rights, including giving African-American men the right to vote.[13]77
In politics, more blacks are voting, and more are getting elected. Since 40 years ago, the Black middle-class group has risen from scratch and grown in their standard of living. There are no difference in professional skills and educational background with the white middle class. Outstanding representatives of Black people appear in many areas of the United States, such as the Black mayor, governor, ministers and members of Congress, and all of them are no longer surprise to us. The much more important thing is that Democratic candidate Barack Obama won the U.S. presidential election in 2008 to become the first real chance to win the presidency in the Black.
Blacks are also trying to improve their financial position by going into professions or starting their own business. There are now more than 600,000 black-owned companies in the U.S. and blacks are more numerous than ever in the professions-as teachers, doctors, lawyers, judges and ministers.
In 1952, Ralph Ellison, a black author, wrote a book about blacks in the U.S. called the Invisible Man. Since the 1960s, blacks have become more visible on TV and in movies and magazines. Networks, filmmakers and advertisers now realize that black consumers want to see their race represented. Today, blacks in significant numbers work as newscasters, TV actors and actresses, and movie stars.
Huang Weifeng says in his African American English on a Number of Historical Issues that, “Only when the racism in American society has been completely eradicated from the mind, the Black Cultural expressions of Black English can really be recognized.”81
5. Conclusion
“Black English” is widely used as the name because it is used by Black people. In fact, its user of this language is far beyond our imagination. In addition to the external community in the black population, it is also used by lower middle and low classes in America. It has profound impacts on American culture and communication in various aspects, especially with the continuous improvement of their political, economic and cultural status, and Black English has been paid more and more attention. In view of this, the paper starts to explore the formation and characteristics of its existence and development. It is said that the view of helping people understand the Black Culture correctly, the concept of eliminating the racial discrimination and enhancing the awareness to protect national culture plays an important role to cultural exchanges and cultural diversity.
The above discussion of Black English is by no means comprehensive but it can serve our purpose to improve the regulation and state of Black English. The significance of studying the nature of Black English is really multifaceted. While the most direct one is the significance for lingu istic research. The attitude to the question that whether Black English is a dialect or a language determines the methods of research. This paper argues that Black English is essentially a separate system and its significance to the American Culture. It should be researched as an independent study of language. [17]34
Undoubtedly, the Black English makes Black people more dramatic in the movies. The syntax rules and special vocabulary of Black English, which are incompatible with the mainstream of English, become the foundation of their culture with their bold dance and passive music. Although most black people using Black English live in the southern United States and the countries, those well-educated middle-class blacks also use Black English in some informal gatherings.
With the black music, novels and movies continuously mix into the mainstream of American society, the syntax rules and special vocabulary of Black English begin to be accepted by American English and become parts of the American culture. Because of the worldwide spread of English and increasingly prosperous Black Culture, the Black English will be more widely active in screen as a mature variation of English and an important way to display the diverse culture of the United States.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my tutor, Wu Qing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
. New York: New Press, 2003.
[2] Roger Porter. Past and Present [M]. James. Mill Company, 1971.
[3] 侯維瑞. 英國英語與美國英語[M]. 上海外語教育出版社, 1992.
[4] 斯密瑟曼. 交談與證實(shí): 黑美洲的語言[M]. 美國紐約出版社, 1977.
. Blackwell, 2002.
[6] 方久華, 熊敦禮. 美國黑人英語語言特點(diǎn)探討[J]. 華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 湖北武漢, 2007.
[7] 拉波夫. 在社會(huì)環(huán)境里研究語言[M]. 中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,1979.
[8] Baker, Houston A., Jr. Blues. Ideology and Afro-American Literature: a Vernacular Theory [M].University of Chicago Press, 1984.
[9] Baugh, John, Beyond Ebonics. Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice [M].New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
[10] 杰克•丹尼爾. 黑人英語中的影響[M]. 英國倫敦出版社, 1973.
[11] 蔡昌卓. 美國英語史[M]. 北京大學(xué)出版社, 2002.
. McGraw-Hill, 1929.
[13] 張衛(wèi)平. 美國制度與文化[M]. 中國人民大學(xué)出版社, 2006.
[14] 黃衛(wèi)峰. 對現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)的兩處質(zhì)疑[J]. 云夢學(xué)刊, 2003.
[15] 侯維瑞. 英國英語與美國英語[M]. 上海外語教育出版社, 1992.
[16] 張衛(wèi)平. 美國制度與文化[M]. 中國人民大學(xué)出版社, 2006.
[17] 葛詠濤. 美國文化風(fēng)云人物[M]. 四川大學(xué)出版, 2007.
誠 信 承 諾
我謹(jǐn)在此承諾:本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《論黑人英語對美國文化的影響及其現(xiàn)實(shí)意義》均系本人獨(dú)立完成,沒有抄襲行為,凡涉及其他作者的觀點(diǎn)和材料,均作了注釋,若有不實(shí),后果由本人承擔(dān)。
承諾人(簽名): 徐珊珊
關(guān)鍵詞 文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才 建設(shè)意義
中圖分類號:G642 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A DOI:10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2016.02.013
0 引言
世界上越來越多的國家認(rèn)識到發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè)對于增強(qiáng)國家軟實(shí)力的重要性。要促進(jìn)我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,除了大膽引進(jìn)世界優(yōu)秀成果外,還必須將我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)推向世界。這就需要搭建世界性的文化產(chǎn)業(yè)交流平臺(tái),實(shí)現(xiàn)對我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的新的文化滋養(yǎng),提升其國際競爭力。要搭建這一平臺(tái)就要選擇和依靠恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言載體。作為具有世界影響力的一門國際語言,再加上其在中國的廣泛普及,英語責(zé)無旁貸地成為構(gòu)建中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)國際交流平臺(tái)的不二之選。用英語實(shí)現(xiàn)中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際表達(dá),將最大限度地增強(qiáng)中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的世界輻射力和同化力。鑒于此,要切實(shí)加強(qiáng)我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才建設(shè),其意義十分重大,值得學(xué)界仔細(xì)梳理與探究。
1 文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才界定
文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才指那些既懂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)知識技能又能用英語進(jìn)行相關(guān)專業(yè)和職業(yè)交流的復(fù)合型應(yīng)用型人才。培養(yǎng)此類人才的最終目的是服務(wù)于文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,掌握文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)知技能和通曉行業(yè)規(guī)范與習(xí)慣是該類人才的首要職業(yè)素養(yǎng),具備英語語言技能是該職業(yè)素養(yǎng)在國際舞臺(tái)得以充分展現(xiàn)的保證。要培養(yǎng)此類人才,絕不可能通過將文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)知識與英語語言技能機(jī)械相加而得;跨專業(yè)的甚至是跨學(xué)科的知識學(xué)習(xí)和技能訓(xùn)練要求此類人員主體首先在實(shí)現(xiàn)知識整合的過程中充分發(fā)揮自主創(chuàng)新能力。自發(fā)的創(chuàng)新性與強(qiáng)大的整合能力是這類人才最突出的特點(diǎn)。只有兼?zhèn)湮幕a(chǎn)業(yè)和英語語言兩種知識技能又能將兩者融會(huì)貫通的人員才稱得上文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才。
2 切實(shí)加強(qiáng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才建設(shè)的意義
2.1 是適應(yīng)文化科技化時(shí)代人才培養(yǎng)模式的必然趨勢
科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力,科技是文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的引擎。對傳統(tǒng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造,推進(jìn)新興文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,都要依靠科技進(jìn)步??萍歼M(jìn)步能夠不斷提升文化產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)作力、感染力和文化的表現(xiàn)力、傳播力、影響力。①黨的十強(qiáng)調(diào):“扎實(shí)推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè),促進(jìn)文化和科技融合?!蓖ㄟ^運(yùn)用數(shù)字技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)等,提升文化服務(wù)水平和服務(wù)品質(zhì),拓展文化服務(wù)空間,增強(qiáng)文化服務(wù)效果,推動(dòng)優(yōu)秀文化產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化傳播。推動(dòng)更多富有時(shí)代氣息、民族特色、反映中國文化原創(chuàng)性的文化產(chǎn)品走出國門、走向世界,從而提升我國文化軟實(shí)力。②實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義文化大發(fā)展大繁榮,推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè),要以先進(jìn)科技手段推進(jìn)文化內(nèi)容創(chuàng)新。推進(jìn)文化與科技的融合,提升中國文化的軟實(shí)力,是文化科技服務(wù)國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的時(shí)代擔(dān)當(dāng)。③
《教育部關(guān)于推進(jìn)高等職業(yè)教育改革創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)職業(yè)教育科學(xué)發(fā)展的若干意見》(教職成[2011]12號)中提出:“高等職業(yè)教育必須……主動(dòng)適應(yīng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展需要,培養(yǎng)數(shù)量充足、結(jié)構(gòu)合理的高端技能型專門人才,在促進(jìn)就業(yè)、改善民生方面以及在全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的歷史進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮不可替代的作用。”在文化科技化時(shí)代潮流不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的形勢下,高等職業(yè)教育在人才培養(yǎng)模式上必須適時(shí)調(diào)整,積極應(yīng)對。為承擔(dān)現(xiàn)代文化產(chǎn)業(yè)體系建設(shè)的時(shí)代責(zé)任,高職教育必須采取更加有針對性的人才培養(yǎng)模式,建立科學(xué)完整的學(xué)科體系。堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)新培養(yǎng),要培養(yǎng)出既懂文化,又懂市場、懂英語的外向型、創(chuàng)新型、復(fù)合型的人才。④為豐富充實(shí)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才的復(fù)合性內(nèi)涵,推進(jìn)我國文化的國際傳播,增強(qiáng)我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際競爭力,文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才的培養(yǎng)迫在眉睫,勢在必行。
2.2 是提高文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才隊(duì)伍綜合素養(yǎng)的客觀要求
要加快發(fā)展我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè),必須構(gòu)建專業(yè)的人才隊(duì)伍,提高其綜合素養(yǎng)。國內(nèi)學(xué)界關(guān)于文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才隊(duì)伍的綜合素養(yǎng)雖有不同的界定,但概括起來無外乎較好的文化素養(yǎng)、傳媒知識、創(chuàng)新能力、市場運(yùn)作能力及管理能力等。⑤其中文化素養(yǎng)無疑支撐是文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的精髓和根本,文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才的文化素養(yǎng)高低則直接影響產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力。
語言既是文化內(nèi)容的重要組成部分,又是文化的載體。語言不僅是表達(dá)文化的一種重要方式,更是傳播文化不可或缺的形式。培養(yǎng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才,就是要整合人才的文化知識和語言知識,寓文化知識于語言知識學(xué)習(xí)之中。學(xué)習(xí)英語語言,在文化層面起碼可以達(dá)到三個(gè)目標(biāo)。第一,通過展示中英兩種文化的異同,使學(xué)習(xí)者形成文化對比,對英語國家的人們在行為舉止、生活方式、價(jià)值觀念等方面有所認(rèn)識,從而達(dá)到跨文化理解。第二,通過對英語文化現(xiàn)象的闡釋,培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)者的文化意識,增強(qiáng)其對英語文化的敏感性。第三,在上述跨文化理解和文化意識形成的基礎(chǔ)上,引導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)者憑借文化知識來解決交流問題,使其掌握適合英語語境的正確交際方式,并能夠根據(jù)英語語言文化來調(diào)整語言輸出和輸入,即最終形成學(xué)習(xí)者的文化能力。⑥要成為有國際競爭力的文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才,這樣的文化能力顯然是必備的素養(yǎng)之一。學(xué)習(xí)英語語言和文化知識,培養(yǎng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才,是提高文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才隊(duì)伍綜合素養(yǎng)的內(nèi)在和客觀需要。
2.3 是發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè)所需人力資本和能力支持的有力保障
人力資本是體現(xiàn)在勞動(dòng)者身上的以勞動(dòng)者的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量表示的資本,勞動(dòng)者的知識、技術(shù)水平、勞動(dòng)技能的高低不同,決定了人力資本對經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)性作用的不同。⑦發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè),形成產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),不僅要培養(yǎng)更多的文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才,更重要的是要不斷提高其專業(yè)水平和質(zhì)量。相關(guān)研究表明,增值人力資本能夠大幅度提升我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)增長。加強(qiáng)對文化產(chǎn)業(yè)從業(yè)人員的教育和再教育,如在崗培訓(xùn),一方面,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)人力資本的增值,另一方面,可以顯著提升文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的增長。
隨著實(shí)踐的深入,中國與現(xiàn)代世界體系的聯(lián)系和互動(dòng)將更加緊密和頻繁,中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)市場與世界市場也將進(jìn)一步融合。這將是中國文化“走出去”,參與國際交流與競爭不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的步伐。一方面,我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)從業(yè)人員要迎接外來文化,并在這一過程中學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒國際文化市場中有利于我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展壯大的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。另一方面,還要推出中國文化,或者在憑借國際經(jīng)驗(yàn)對中國文化進(jìn)行改造創(chuàng)新的基礎(chǔ)上推出中國文化。迎推之間的這一雙向過程都需要合乎國際規(guī)范的專業(yè)交流。作為一門世界性語言,英語將在大多數(shù)場合責(zé)無旁貸地充當(dāng)交流的媒介和工具。就文化產(chǎn)業(yè)所需專業(yè)人才而言,其所需具備的知識素養(yǎng)將盡可能多地包括國際文化市場的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,如國際慣例、國際法規(guī)等,甚至是可供中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)填補(bǔ)的國際缺陷。但是,如果其中缺少相關(guān)的英語知識和英語交流的能力,無疑將嚴(yán)重削弱甚至損害職業(yè)交流的效果,妨礙我國文化和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)走向世界的進(jìn)程。
因此,加強(qiáng)對文化產(chǎn)業(yè)從業(yè)人員的細(xì)化教育,提高其專業(yè)水準(zhǔn)和其應(yīng)對國際融合的工作能力,使相關(guān)人力資本保值增值,加強(qiáng)培養(yǎng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才將是有力保障。
2.4 是實(shí)施文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專門人才戰(zhàn)略的有效途徑
文化產(chǎn)業(yè)具有多學(xué)科、跨領(lǐng)域的特性。因此,要實(shí)現(xiàn)其快速持續(xù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展,根本上要培養(yǎng)出一批高素質(zhì)、具有多學(xué)科背景的專才,實(shí)施文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專門人才戰(zhàn)略。當(dāng)然我們應(yīng)該看到,在文化產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,高技術(shù)和高文化日益關(guān)聯(lián)融合,這便對文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專才的知識和能力結(jié)構(gòu)提出了要求。其中之一便是要能夠抓住機(jī)遇,多觀察學(xué)習(xí)借鑒國外的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),從而使自己走向世界。⑧加強(qiáng)本土培養(yǎng)人才與國外先進(jìn)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)的交流與合作,拓展其國際視野,打造其職業(yè)和行業(yè)能力的世界級水準(zhǔn)。
文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語作為面向職業(yè)目的的英語分支,是基礎(chǔ)英語與文化產(chǎn)業(yè)相關(guān)行業(yè)結(jié)合而成的特色英語。除了基礎(chǔ)性,它更多地表現(xiàn)出行業(yè)和職業(yè)的適用性和實(shí)用性,具有行業(yè)用語的功能。通過學(xué)習(xí)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語,旨在培養(yǎng)既掌握專業(yè)知識,又具有職業(yè)英語能力的復(fù)合型人才。⑨這樣的人才不僅能夠快速適應(yīng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的職業(yè)崗位,更能夠以英語為媒介而有效融入國外文化與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。在我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷走出國門尋求世界認(rèn)同的必然進(jìn)程中,文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才的對外文化傳播能力將成為有效宣傳、推廣我國文化的有力保障和可靠支撐。鑒于此,培養(yǎng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才可以豐富文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才的綜合素養(yǎng),切實(shí)滿足文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才的專門用途,是實(shí)施文化產(chǎn)業(yè)專門人才戰(zhàn)略的有效途徑。
3 結(jié)語
文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語人才是中國文化軟實(shí)力持續(xù)增長的有力保障,是支撐中國在國際社會(huì)和平崛起的重要因素。在我國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)歷了“十五”、“十一五”的起步階段和“十二五”的快速發(fā)展階段之后,終于迎來了“十三五”期間提質(zhì)升級的攻堅(jiān)時(shí)刻。大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代對文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的解構(gòu)、變革與融合要求不斷升級的人才支撐與之匹配。培養(yǎng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)類英語專門人才,是順應(yīng)中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展要求的必然舉措,這對于中國文化 “走出去”最終實(shí)現(xiàn)鏗鏘有力的世界交響具有不容忽視的意義。
本文系四川省哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)研究“十二五”規(guī)劃2013年度市州課題:文化產(chǎn)業(yè)英語人才建設(shè)與成都市城市軟實(shí)力發(fā)展的研究(項(xiàng)目編號:SC13D006)階段性成果
注釋
① 王志剛.推動(dòng)文化與科技融合加強(qiáng)文化科技創(chuàng)新.經(jīng)濟(jì)日報(bào),2011-11-27.
② 伍建國.對高職高專人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)涵義的體會(huì).中國高職高專教育網(wǎng),2011.12.16.
③ 聞科.推進(jìn)文化與科技融合,開創(chuàng)文化科技工作新局面.藝術(shù)百家,2011(1).
④ 歐陽友權(quán).文化產(chǎn)業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)矛盾與對策.第九屆中國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)新年論壇上的講話.
⑤ 李后強(qiáng),鄧子強(qiáng).發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)該實(shí)施資源轉(zhuǎn)化戰(zhàn)略.求是理論網(wǎng),2011.12.19.
⑥ 李紅恩.論英語課程的文化品格.西南大學(xué),2012.
⑦ 舒爾茨.論人力資本投資.吳珠華等,譯.北京:北京經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院出版社,1992.
摘 要: John Schumann 于20世紀(jì)70年代末創(chuàng)立了文化適應(yīng)理論。該理論從社會(huì)距離和心理距離角度探究了二語習(xí)得過程中出現(xiàn)的語言休克和洋涇浜化現(xiàn)象。而之后Anderson又進(jìn)一步提出二語習(xí)得要經(jīng)歷本土化和去本土化的過程,即本土化模式。本文著重闡述文化適應(yīng)模式以及本土化和去本土化的基本內(nèi)容,并試圖探究中國學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中出現(xiàn)的語言休克現(xiàn)象及對教學(xué)的啟示。
關(guān)鍵詞: 文化適應(yīng);語言休克;本土化和半本土化;教學(xué)啟示
一、 文化適應(yīng)理論和本土化模式
文化適應(yīng)(acculturation)是“對一種新文化的適應(yīng)過程,是對新文化的思想、信仰和感情系統(tǒng)及其交際系統(tǒng)的理解過程,是學(xué)習(xí)者與目的語社團(tuán)的 社會(huì)和心理結(jié)合” 。早在1978年,社會(huì)心理學(xué)家Schumann就提出:二語習(xí)得是文化適應(yīng)的一個(gè)方面;學(xué)習(xí)者對目標(biāo)語社團(tuán)的適應(yīng)程度決定了其二語習(xí)得的水平。所謂社會(huì)距離,“就是學(xué)習(xí)者作為特定社會(huì)群體中的一員與目標(biāo)語群體接觸時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的影響因素”(武英杰、張玉雙,2010)。而心理距離是指學(xué)習(xí)者作為個(gè)體的情感因素。社會(huì)距離和心理距離決定了學(xué)習(xí)者接觸目標(biāo)語的量以及面對語言輸入時(shí)的接受程度。
此外,Schumann還從文化適應(yīng)角度探究了二語習(xí)得中的“洋涇浜化現(xiàn)象”。當(dāng)社會(huì)距離和心理距離較大時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)者就會(huì)停留在語言學(xué)習(xí)的早期階段,語言也出現(xiàn)洋涇浜化趨勢。而Anderson在此基礎(chǔ)上,從認(rèn)知角度提出了“本土化模式”(the Nativization Model)。他將二語習(xí)得視作本土化和去本土化的結(jié)果,進(jìn)而形成了本土化模式。
二、 本土化階段、半本土化階段中國學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中出現(xiàn)的語言休克現(xiàn)象
根據(jù)文化適應(yīng)理論,社會(huì)距離和心理距離決定了學(xué)習(xí)者接觸目標(biāo)語的量以及面對語言輸入時(shí)的接受程度,從而深深地影響了二語的習(xí)得水平。在目標(biāo)語環(huán)境下習(xí)得二語時(shí),社會(huì)因素的影響是占主導(dǎo)地位的。心理因素只在社會(huì)距離無法確定時(shí)才發(fā)揮作用。而在外語教育環(huán)境下,情況就另當(dāng)別論了。本文中所指的語言休克主要是指本土化階段、半本土化階段中國學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中出現(xiàn)的語言錯(cuò)誤。
關(guān)于語言錯(cuò)誤的探討并不少見。然而,這些探討多從語言學(xué)和跨文化角度進(jìn)行分析,卻很少從認(rèn)知角度出發(fā)。事實(shí)上,“語言并非是獨(dú)立的自然現(xiàn)象,語言意義與人類的一般認(rèn)知能力和方式具有密切的關(guān)系”(李穎,2013)。正如王文斌轉(zhuǎn)引Humboldt所言,“每一種語言都是民族思維的歷史積淀,折射出一個(gè)民族觀察、感知和理解世界所獨(dú)具的思維范式”(王文斌,2013)。因此,中英文緣于各自不同的人文歷史遞演,衍生出殊異的表達(dá)方式也就不足為怪了。但是這也成為了中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中的一大障礙。根據(jù)Anderson的本土化模式,二語習(xí)得要首先經(jīng)歷一個(gè)本土化的過程。在這一過程中,學(xué)習(xí)者想方設(shè)法使輸入的目標(biāo)語符合“內(nèi)在規(guī)則”(內(nèi)在的語言知識系統(tǒng)),即不斷地通過已掌握的語言知識構(gòu)建語言假設(shè)。在語言學(xué)習(xí)的早期階段,內(nèi)在的語言知識系統(tǒng)主要是在母語思維模式上構(gòu)建起來的,母語和目標(biāo)語之間認(rèn)知和思維模式的相似程度影響了二語的習(xí)得水平。這也就從認(rèn)知角度解釋了母語的正遷移和負(fù)遷移現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)相似程度高時(shí)就產(chǎn)生正遷移,母語語言系統(tǒng)就有助于二語的習(xí)得;反之,當(dāng)相似程度低時(shí)就產(chǎn)生負(fù)遷移,母語語言系統(tǒng)就妨礙二語的習(xí)得。在中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的本土化和半本土化階段中所遇到的問題主要分為兩大類:思維模式迥異引起的問題和文化背景不同造成的困擾。
1、 思維模式迥異引起的問題
由于不同民族所處的人文地理環(huán)境不同,社會(huì)歷史演變也各異,所以不同民族認(rèn)識世界的角度和方式也不同。這就造就了各民族思維模式的迥異,而這種差異也進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)在語言上。因此各民族描述同一個(gè)事物時(shí)的表達(dá)方式就會(huì)有所差異。
漢語思維模式體現(xiàn)了整體性的特點(diǎn),而英語思維模式則具有分析性的特點(diǎn)。中國人自古就對“現(xiàn)象”有著特殊的興趣。因此,也就有了“格物致知”一說。對于中國人來說,各種現(xiàn)象不是孤立存在的,而是與周圍事物有著密切聯(lián)系且富于變化的。故而中國人的思維傾向于整體性和辯證性。所謂整體性就是將各個(gè)部分聯(lián)系起來置于一個(gè)整體中來考慮問題,因此事物所處的背景和環(huán)境不容忽視。漢語就很好地體現(xiàn)了中國人的思維模式。大多數(shù)時(shí)候,詞語、句子和片段無需通過各種連接手段就可以自然地放在整個(gè)語篇中。通過各個(gè)部分之間以及部分與整體之間的邏輯關(guān)系就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)行文意義的連貫。這也就是常說的漢語是“意合”語言。與此相反,英語思維模式則更具分析性。古希臘人喜好哲學(xué),樂于探究事物自身的特性及其永恒不變的本質(zhì),故而,一元性、分析性思維更加突出。所謂分析性是指將一個(gè)完整的對象看作是由各個(gè)部分組成的,每個(gè)組成部分都有自己的屬性、特點(diǎn)。因而,英語中的每個(gè)語言元素都可以看作是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的、相對完整的部分,各個(gè)部分之間通過連接詞等手段標(biāo)明相互之間的關(guān)系,構(gòu)成了英語“形合”的特點(diǎn)。
2、文化背景不同造成的困擾
除了思維模式迥異引發(fā)的一系列問題之外,在英漢語碼轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí),中國學(xué)生往往也會(huì)面臨文化背景不同造成的困擾。這些困擾分為兩類:其一,“文化空白”;其二,“文化陷阱”。
首先,來看“文化空白”。顧名思義,“文化空白”就是指在一種文化中存在,在另一種文化中卻不存在。
其次就是“文化陷阱”。 “文化陷阱”實(shí)質(zhì)上就是一個(gè)一個(gè)的雷區(qū),所描述的文化現(xiàn)象兩種語言中都存在,物,表面看起來是差不多甚至是一樣的,但由于文化背景的不同,其內(nèi)涵可以說是千差萬別。如果在學(xué)習(xí)語言時(shí),僅限于語言表面的對應(yīng),那么就很容易踩到“地雷”。 一旦掉入這些 “文化陷阱”,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致語言休克。
“紅色”在漢語中象征著喜慶、吉祥,那么英語中“see red”和“in the red”是否也象征著喜慶呢?事實(shí)上,英語中紅色常常代表著血腥、危險(xiǎn)、生氣和虧損。所以,“see red”是生氣、勃然大怒的意思;而“in the red”表明一個(gè)公司處于虧損狀態(tài)。如果想當(dāng)然地忽視英漢兩種語言背后的文化背景,那么英語學(xué)習(xí)中就會(huì)遇到許多語言休克現(xiàn)象。
三、 給中國英語教學(xué)的啟示
文化適應(yīng)理論是針對二語習(xí)得提出的理論模式,對我國外語教學(xué)有一定的啟示意義。中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)外語時(shí),必然會(huì)經(jīng)歷一個(gè)本土化和半本土化的過程。在這一過程中,如果無法有效地縮短心理距離,克服語言休克,中國學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)就很有可能出現(xiàn)洋涇浜化現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而阻礙學(xué)生有效地進(jìn)行跨文化交流和交際。而如何幫助學(xué)生調(diào)節(jié)心理距離,縮短本土化和半本土化的時(shí)間,盡快做到去本土化就顯得尤為重要。那么如何去本土化呢?Schumann的文化適應(yīng)理論和Anderson的本土化模式為我國英語教育工作者解決這些問題提供了一些思路。
(一) 心理調(diào)適
為了更好地掌握一門外語從而順暢地進(jìn)行跨文化交流和交際,必要的心理調(diào)適是不可或缺的。根據(jù)Schumann的文化適應(yīng)論,二語習(xí)得同文化適應(yīng)一樣,都要受到社會(huì)距離和心理距離的制約.但是由于中國英語教學(xué)基本上與目標(biāo)語群體沒有直接接觸,因此社會(huì)距離的影響就微乎其微。看起來問題似乎簡單了。教育工作者需要做的就是幫助學(xué)生縮短心理距離。根據(jù)Schumann所述,從影響心理距離的四個(gè)因素著手即可:克服語言和文化休克,選擇合適動(dòng)機(jī),提高語言的自我透性。以往對如何克服語言和文化休克,怎樣選擇合適動(dòng)機(jī)的研究較多,卻對如何提高語言的自我透性談及較少。
所謂心理調(diào)適就上要在宏觀上要形成一個(gè)整體的概念:語言是一個(gè)民族思維的歷史積淀。了解到這一點(diǎn),就不難承認(rèn)英漢兩種語言折射出的是不同民族的社會(huì)歷史演變和思維方式。因而,在面對英漢兩種語言差異時(shí)就能理性對待,從而減少困惑、 焦慮和恐懼等語言和文化休克現(xiàn)象。本土化和半本土化中對待英語輸入也不會(huì)一味地朝著漢語語言系統(tǒng)靠攏,而是嘗試著去了解英語語言系統(tǒng),逐步構(gòu)建起目標(biāo)語語言系統(tǒng),從而達(dá)到去本土化的效果。而教育工作者就需幫助英語學(xué)習(xí)者形成這種意識,在英語學(xué)習(xí)的初期階段就向?qū)W生傳遞這樣一個(gè)概念。
(二) 跨文化知識學(xué)習(xí)
心理調(diào)適讓英語學(xué)習(xí)者找到一種積極良好的心態(tài),就好比磨好了刀,接下來就要“砍柴”了。所謂“砍柴”就是一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地積累跨文化知識。跨文化知識至少是應(yīng)該包括以下幾個(gè)方面的:
1. 英語語言學(xué)知識。語言學(xué)知識涉及語言的各種屬性、語音學(xué)、形態(tài)學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語義學(xué)、語用學(xué)、社會(huì)語言學(xué)、語言與心理、語言與文化、語言習(xí)得等。從微觀的構(gòu)詞法到宏觀的社會(huì)語言學(xué),語言學(xué)知識可以有效地幫助英語學(xué)習(xí)者構(gòu)建起英語語言語法規(guī)則,形成一整套相輔相成的英語語言系統(tǒng)。
2.英語語言發(fā)展史。正如前面所說,每一種語言都帶有歷史的痕跡,英語亦然。英語語言的歷史發(fā)展可以分為三個(gè)階段,分別是:古英語(Old English),中世紀(jì)英語(Middle English)和現(xiàn)代英語(Modern English)。盡管85%的古英語詞匯現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再使用,但一些常用詞匯還是保留下來。中世紀(jì)英語(11001500)時(shí)期,法語一直是英國的官方語言,成為統(tǒng)治階級用語,而平民百姓說的英語被認(rèn)為市低等語言。在近四百年時(shí)間里,諾曼人給英語帶來了近一萬的外來詞,深深影響了英國人的社會(huì)和生活。英語語言在這一時(shí)期借用了較多法語中的派生詞綴。當(dāng)然也有一些拉丁語直接進(jìn)入英語,而且多用于書面語。由于貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,還有少量的荷蘭詞語在這時(shí)期融入英語中。 現(xiàn)代英語(1500至今)時(shí)期詞匯拼寫開始趨向規(guī)范化,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,固定化,讀音和拼寫之間的差距擴(kuò)大。另外,隨著探險(xiǎn)、殖民、以及貿(mào)易等各方面走向世界化,給現(xiàn)代英語帶來一定的沖擊。超過50種語言的外來詞涌入英語,如阿拉伯語,法語,德語,荷蘭語,俄語,希伯來語,西班牙語,漢語,意大利語等。另外,一些外來語仍保留了原來詞語的復(fù)數(shù)形式。還有一些更保留了當(dāng)時(shí)的拼寫和發(fā)音。
英語語言發(fā)展史有關(guān)知識的輸入使得中國英語學(xué)習(xí)者更好地理解英語語言的各種現(xiàn)象,譬如大量不符合英語構(gòu)詞法的外來詞的輸入等等。
3.英語國家社會(huì)歷史文化。
英語國家社會(huì)歷史文化涉及對方的政治、歷史、社會(huì)和文化,有助于英語學(xué)習(xí)者了解語言背后的故事,對于揣摩語言背后的思維方式是大有裨益的。此外,這類知識的補(bǔ)充對于英漢語言不同的文化內(nèi)涵以及俗語、諺語的習(xí)得是很有好處的。
當(dāng)然,這些跨文化知識的補(bǔ)充需要視具體情況而定。對于青少年來講,這些知識可以是循序漸進(jìn),即需即學(xué)的;而對于年齡較大、思維較成熟的成年人來講,這些知識的補(bǔ)充可以是集中的、系統(tǒng)的。 (作者單位:山東師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院)
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Ellis,R.Understanding Second Language Acquisition [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.
[2] 李穎.學(xué)習(xí)者“錯(cuò)誤”的認(rèn)知與思維形態(tài)研究[J].外語界,2013.
[3] 錢月琴.五顏六色辨心情――論英語中顏色詞的內(nèi)涵[J].職校論壇,2011.
[4] 王文斌.論英語的時(shí)間性特質(zhì)與漢語的空間性特質(zhì)[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,2013.
關(guān)鍵詞:高中英語教學(xué);中國文化;課堂教學(xué)效率
【中圖分類號】G633.41
一、將中國文化融入高中英語教學(xué)中的作用
1.有助于活躍英語課堂氛圍,提高學(xué)習(xí)積極性
英語語言是豐富多彩的,很多英語文章中滲入了國外的文化,所以很多學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)會(huì)感覺到有一定的障礙,一些學(xué)生因?yàn)楦鞣N原因?qū)τ⒄Z學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了畏懼心理。對外國文化進(jìn)行深入分析和理解,有助于提升學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)積極性,同時(shí),在學(xué)習(xí)外文化的時(shí)候融入中國文化,有助于學(xué)生進(jìn)行文化對比,找出各種文化差異,引起其好奇心,不僅能夠消除學(xué)生心中的畏懼,而且可以活躍課堂氛圍,增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
2.有助于促進(jìn)高中英語教師轉(zhuǎn)變教學(xué)模式,優(yōu)化學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
學(xué)習(xí)過程是在一定狀況下借助于學(xué)習(xí)資料,通過思維構(gòu)建進(jìn)行知識獲取的過程,在課堂教學(xué)中融入中國文化,能夠?yàn)樗季S構(gòu)建提供條件,促進(jìn)學(xué)生對知識的學(xué)習(xí)和理解,并且也可以體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的主體性地位。同時(shí),這也必然要求教師轉(zhuǎn)變教學(xué)模式,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主合作式學(xué)習(xí),優(yōu)化學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。
3.有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維,提高課堂教學(xué)效率
學(xué)生是在一定思維下進(jìn)行英語知識學(xué)習(xí)的,只有培養(yǎng)其良好的思維習(xí)慣,才能促進(jìn)對知識的學(xué)習(xí)。長期對學(xué)生進(jìn)行文化滲透和灌輸,能夠讓學(xué)生從根本上了解我國形勢,同時(shí)對高中學(xué)生進(jìn)行國外文化和國內(nèi)文化的對比,有助于培養(yǎng)良好的思維習(xí)慣,更好地理解英語教材中的知識,提高課堂教學(xué)效率。另外,高中英語教學(xué)中的文化教育,是以文化理解為目的、文化意識為橋梁、文化知識為起點(diǎn)的漸進(jìn)過程,將我國文化融入英語教學(xué)中,是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維習(xí)慣的重要要求。
二、將中國文化融入高中英語課堂教學(xué)中的方法分析
1.在英語閱讀教學(xué)中融入中國文化
提高英語教學(xué)效率最為主要的方法就是要多閱讀,提高閱讀能力。因?yàn)橛⒄Z文章大多是立足于外國文化而寫的,其中融入了很多外國風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,這對于我國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)有一定的困難,此時(shí),如果能融入我國文化,就有助于學(xué)生對這些不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比對,促進(jìn)記憶和吸收,也助于學(xué)生區(qū)分各國文化的差異,提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。
例如,在學(xué)習(xí)“Healthy eating”這一章節(jié)的時(shí)候,教師可以通過對中西方文化差異的對比進(jìn)行知識傳授,可以這樣講解“西方人和我國人的吃飯方式不同,西方人主張好吃,但是其吃飯比較簡單,一般來說吃飯主要是兩個(gè)菜,在朋友聚會(huì)請客時(shí)也不過是用三四個(gè)菜,而我國不同,我們請客和西方有很大差別”,接下來讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行理解和思考,最終明白各國文化的差異導(dǎo)致生活習(xí)慣的差異。這樣在閱讀教材內(nèi)容的時(shí)候,學(xué)生可以避開中西方文化的差異,促進(jìn)對知識點(diǎn)的理解,能夠交際得體。
2.在教材內(nèi)容講解中融入中國文化
在英語教學(xué)中,課文是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語知識和語言文化的重要渠道,高中英語教師可以充分利用英語文章進(jìn)行文化融合,促進(jìn)學(xué)生吸收和理解。
例如,在講解“my father”這一章節(jié)的時(shí)候,教師可以先針對文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行知識講解,然后找出中國和西方的文化差異,激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性。可以這樣滲入文化:首先分析美國父親和中國父親的不同,美國父親的地位比較輕視,其重要性往往容易被忽視,沒有母親的地位高,而我國父親往往是默默付出的,家庭中的重要人物,其地位與母親相等。讓學(xué)生了解西方父親和中國父親的區(qū)別之后再引入案例。例如學(xué)生們都學(xué)習(xí)過《背影》這一課文,這篇課文中的父親形象在我國文化中是一個(gè)典型的代表,教師可以對這篇文章中父親的角色進(jìn)行分析,有助于引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)我國文化,同時(shí)也有助于促進(jìn)學(xué)生用英語語言表達(dá)我國比較著名的文學(xué)作品,提高英語學(xué)習(xí)效率。
3.通過詞匯融入我國文化,提高記憶能力
詞匯是英語學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ),也是最能承載文化信息的物質(zhì),通過詞匯融入中國文化,是高中英語教學(xué)中一項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù),也是融入中國文化最好的方法。在講解某一個(gè)詞匯的時(shí)候,教師可以結(jié)合詞匯聯(lián)想中國文化,引導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)。
三、在高中英語教學(xué)中融入中國文化的注意事項(xiàng)
1.要遵守適度性原則
中國文化博大精深,教師在進(jìn)行知識講解的時(shí)候可以穿插著進(jìn)行文化講解,根據(jù)實(shí)際情況決定講授哪個(gè)方面的中國文化,在講解的時(shí)候要注意適度性原則,切不可一味地講解,把英語課堂作為文化講堂,這樣容易失去主體,引起學(xué)生厭倦。另外,在上課之前教師要做好課前準(zhǔn)備,多講授一些具有典型代表性的案例,做好精心的安排和準(zhǔn)備,在學(xué)生了解我國文化的同時(shí),牢固學(xué)習(xí)英語課堂知識。
2.在堅(jiān)持文化平等的條件下注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的跨文化意識
世界各個(gè)地區(qū)的文化都是不同的,教師要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)國外文化的興趣,同時(shí)也要讓學(xué)生明白各個(gè)地區(qū)文化都是平等的,沒有哪一個(gè)民族的文化高于其他民族文化。教師在講解的過程中,不可偏重傾向于哪一個(gè)民族文化,不可帶有個(gè)人感彩。要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對各區(qū)域文化的尊重、平等的意識,讓學(xué)生明白自己承擔(dān)著傳播我國文化的使命,讓學(xué)生通過自己的思維,主動(dòng)傳播我國文化,尊重我國文化。
四、結(jié)束語
新時(shí)期,我國經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,世界各國文化也在不斷融合,發(fā)展跨文化交際能力、減小文化差距已經(jīng)成為目前社會(huì)發(fā)展的需求。在高中英語課堂教學(xué)中,引入中國文化,能夠讓學(xué)生更好地學(xué)習(xí)英語知識,同時(shí)也有助于促進(jìn)學(xué)生對我國文化的理解和吸收,提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。另外,高中英語教師首先自己要做好文化的傳播者,在課堂時(shí)間允許的條件下適當(dāng)引入我國文化,這樣才能培養(yǎng)文化底蘊(yùn)深厚的中學(xué)生。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]劉學(xué)政.社會(huì)外語需求與外語文化的變革[J].國外外語教學(xué).2001