發(fā)布時(shí)間:2023-03-23 15:12:55
序言:寫(xiě)作是分享個(gè)人見(jiàn)解和探索未知領(lǐng)域的橋梁,我們?yōu)槟x了8篇的文化翻譯論文樣本,期待這些樣本能夠?yàn)槟峁┴S富的參考和啟發(fā),請(qǐng)盡情閱讀。
摘要:語(yǔ)詞是語(yǔ)言中最活躍的因素,最敏感地反映了社會(huì)生活和社會(huì)思想的變化,是語(yǔ)言中最能反映文化特征的部分,具有濃厚的民族色彩和鮮明的文化個(gè)性。因此,一方面,譯者應(yīng)盡可能忠實(shí)地反映原文的文化背景和文化色彩,再現(xiàn)原文的異域情調(diào),另一方面又要充分考慮目的語(yǔ)讀者的接受程度,恰當(dāng)?shù)亍皻w化”,以更好地譯出原意。
一、引言
語(yǔ)言是文化的載體,同時(shí)又是文化的重要組成部分。而語(yǔ)詞又是語(yǔ)言中最活躍的因素,最敏感地反映了社會(huì)生活和社會(huì)思想的變化,是語(yǔ)言中最能反映文化特征的部分。所謂語(yǔ)詞就是指詞和詞組,詞組的范圍包括各種固定說(shuō)法、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和習(xí)俗語(yǔ)。每一種語(yǔ)言都同特定民族的歷史有著特殊的“血緣”關(guān)系,而語(yǔ)詞就產(chǎn)生于特殊的歷史、地理和人文環(huán)境之中,是一個(gè)民族的歷史傳統(tǒng)、社會(huì)風(fēng)俗、認(rèn)知特點(diǎn)和審美習(xí)慣等文化因素的折射和呈現(xiàn)。所以,語(yǔ)詞承載著各民族的文化信息,濃縮了各民族的文化景觀,反映出各民族的人文心態(tài),代表著不同語(yǔ)言的文化背景,具有鮮明、獨(dú)特的民族特點(diǎn)。英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家萊昂斯•約翰精辟地指出“特定的社會(huì)的語(yǔ)言是這個(gè)社會(huì)文化的組成部分,每一種語(yǔ)言在詞語(yǔ)上的差異都會(huì)反映使用這種語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)事物、習(xí)俗以及各種活動(dòng)在文化方面的重要特征”。因此,語(yǔ)詞的翻譯要求譯者在廣泛地、準(zhǔn)確地了解他國(guó)文化中的觀念、信仰、習(xí)俗、價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面的同時(shí),忠實(shí)傳達(dá)本國(guó)文化的價(jià)值與靈魂,真正做到跨文化交流。
二、文化語(yǔ)境———影響語(yǔ)詞翻譯的重要因素
文化語(yǔ)境屬于非語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境的范疇,這一概念最早由Mali-nowski(1923)提出,它是研究語(yǔ)言使用和功能的語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究的范疇之一,是指某一言語(yǔ)社團(tuán)特定的社會(huì)規(guī)范和習(xí)俗,它主要分為物質(zhì)文化和精神文化。近年來(lái),隨著語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究的不斷深入和發(fā)展,文化語(yǔ)境的范圍進(jìn)一步拓寬。Samovara1.(1998)認(rèn)為文化語(yǔ)境包括知識(shí)的貯存、經(jīng)歷、價(jià)值、行為、態(tài)度、、時(shí)間概念、空間關(guān)系、學(xué)科領(lǐng)域等諸多方面。ClaireKramsch(1998)進(jìn)一步解釋了文化語(yǔ)境這一概念。認(rèn)為部落經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)組織、家庭模式、繁殖習(xí)俗、季節(jié)循環(huán)、時(shí)間和空間概念都是文化語(yǔ)境的主要要素。一方面,超地域的文化共同性相對(duì)保證了譯文讀者從本族文化角度出發(fā)也能從譯文中得到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。另一方面,因?yàn)楦髯逦幕膫€(gè)性,要在異質(zhì)中尋求對(duì)策并不是件輕松的事,不同的文化觀念會(huì)形成局部的交叉碰撞和沖突。對(duì)于外來(lái)文化,人們最易于理解和接受的是外來(lái)文化的表層結(jié)構(gòu),即“硬文化”部分。
用一種語(yǔ)言文化把另一種文化的文本再現(xiàn)出來(lái),其將不可避免地反映出兩種語(yǔ)言、文化的特征。翻譯的作用在于將源語(yǔ)言文化中的文本移植到另一種目的語(yǔ)言文化中去。因此,文化語(yǔ)境在翻譯中起到了相當(dāng)大的作用,文化環(huán)境中諸多因素對(duì)語(yǔ)詞翻譯產(chǎn)生深刻的影響。
1.地理環(huán)境差異與語(yǔ)詞翻譯地理文化是指所處的地理環(huán)境而形成的文化。由于各民族生活空間不同,因而自然環(huán)境各方面的差異影響不同民族對(duì)同一事物或現(xiàn)象的看法各有不同。特定的地理文化賦予了語(yǔ)詞特定的意義。如漢族習(xí)語(yǔ)“有眼不識(shí)泰山”泰山位于我國(guó)山東省,我國(guó)古人以泰山來(lái)比喻敬仰的人或重大有價(jià)值的事物。英語(yǔ)中也有此類(lèi)習(xí)語(yǔ)。如:AllroadsleadtoRome.(條條道路通羅馬)。
2.社會(huì)歷史差異與語(yǔ)詞翻譯歷史文化是特定歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程和社會(huì)遺產(chǎn)的沉淀所形成的文化,各民族的歷史發(fā)展不同,因而各自都有含有特定的人物和事件的語(yǔ)詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)本民族鮮明的歷史文化色彩。例如,英語(yǔ)中“tomeetone’sWaterloo”(遭遇滑鐵盧)是源于十九世紀(jì)拿破侖在比利時(shí)小城滑鐵盧慘敗一事;漢語(yǔ)中有“敗走麥城”,是指古時(shí)三國(guó)的蜀國(guó)名將關(guān)羽被打敗退兵麥城一事,兩個(gè)語(yǔ)詞分別來(lái)源于不同的歷史事件,但喻義相同,都是指慘遭失敗。因此這類(lèi)語(yǔ)詞的翻譯需要了解各民族歷史文化才能使譯文更具文化個(gè)性。
3.習(xí)俗人情差異與語(yǔ)詞翻譯語(yǔ)言來(lái)源于生活,生活習(xí)俗與人情世故在一定程度上制約著語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)系統(tǒng)。例如:數(shù)詞“八”在漢語(yǔ)中是現(xiàn)今最受人們喜愛(ài)的數(shù)額———因?yàn)槠浒l(fā)音與“發(fā)”諧音,迎合人們發(fā)財(cái)致富的心理,而英語(yǔ)中“eight”則沒(méi)有這種意義。
4.差異對(duì)人們的生活有著重要的影響,特定的產(chǎn)生了語(yǔ)詞的特定含義。中西方的不同,也影響著英漢語(yǔ)詞的翻譯。在西方,以基督教為主的宗教文化深刻影響著人們的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。基督教產(chǎn)生時(shí),歐洲大陸處于四分五裂的狀態(tài),世俗的王權(quán)只有超越一切世俗力量之上的上帝才能收服人們的“野性”,于是基督教應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,人們的語(yǔ)言也深深地打上了民族宗教色彩的烙印。如:Manproposes,Goddisposes.(謀事在人,成事在天。);Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.(天佑自救者)。而在以佛教為主導(dǎo)的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)宗教文化中,“老天爺”成了天神。
5.神話傳說(shuō)與經(jīng)典著作的差異不同民族的神話傳說(shuō)與經(jīng)典作品中產(chǎn)生了許許多多的習(xí)語(yǔ)與典故,反映了民族風(fēng)味、社會(huì)世態(tài),使各民族的語(yǔ)言充滿(mǎn)了情趣與活力,具有獨(dú)特的表現(xiàn)力。如英語(yǔ)中:“Thinkwiththewise,buttalkwiththevulgar.”(與智者同思,與俗子同語(yǔ))出自古希臘格言:“swansong”是根據(jù)西方傳說(shuō)swan(天鵝)臨死時(shí)發(fā)出美妙的歌聲,用來(lái)比喻“詩(shī)人、音樂(lè)家等的最后的作品”。又如“SoOurgrapes”(酸葡萄)出自《伊索寓言》,比喻“可要可不及的東西”,漢語(yǔ)中有“萬(wàn)事俱行,只欠東風(fēng)”、“逼上梁山”、“葉公好龍”等,以上例子說(shuō)明在民族各自豐富的文化遺產(chǎn)中產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)詞包含著豐富的民族文化意味,構(gòu)成了各民族語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式的鮮明獨(dú)特性,是其他語(yǔ)言文化所不能替代的。在翻譯過(guò)程中應(yīng)尊重各民族文化詞語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)與個(gè)性,保留語(yǔ)言存在和表現(xiàn)的形式。
6.價(jià)值觀與審美意識(shí)的差異由于文化的差異導(dǎo)致人們的價(jià)值觀及審美意識(shí)的不同,導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)同一事物有著不同的甚至截然相反的觀點(diǎn)和看法。在價(jià)值觀念方面體現(xiàn)在個(gè)體與集體的觀念不同,個(gè)人價(jià)值至上是西方文化的特點(diǎn),英語(yǔ)中有不少表現(xiàn)語(yǔ)詞的個(gè)人進(jìn)取個(gè)人力量、個(gè)人意志,如:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(有志者,事竟成);Everymanisthearchitectsofhisownfor-tune.”(自然的幸??孔约?;Youhavetoblowyourownhorn.(應(yīng)吹自己的號(hào)角)。與西方“海洋民族”相對(duì)的中國(guó)“農(nóng)耕民族”則崇尚社團(tuán)價(jià)值至上,無(wú)我精神。如:“單絲不成線,獨(dú)木不成林”、“大公無(wú)私”。群體取向使中國(guó)人性格內(nèi)向、含蓄,不愿引人注目,因而產(chǎn)生了“樹(shù)大招風(fēng),人大惹議”、“人怕出名豬怕壯”等習(xí)語(yǔ)。在審美取向方面,中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)喜慶偏向紅色裝飾,而西方則多為白色;漢語(yǔ)中的紅茶,英譯為“blacktea”。以上例子表明,英漢文化在價(jià)值觀和審美觀方面的差異影響語(yǔ)詞的翻譯。英漢民族存在的文化差異決定了語(yǔ)詞表達(dá)形式及詞義的選擇,在翻譯過(guò)程中,譯者應(yīng)充分考慮原語(yǔ)詞所包含的民族文化與語(yǔ)言個(gè)性,充分理解語(yǔ)詞所蘊(yùn)含的獨(dú)特的文化意味,盡可能結(jié)合原文的文化背景,保持原文的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格、語(yǔ)言形式及藝術(shù)特色。
三、總結(jié)
將一種語(yǔ)言譯為不同文化的另一種語(yǔ)言并非容易的事,而將特定文化語(yǔ)境中的語(yǔ)詞翻譯成同樣體現(xiàn)文化特色的語(yǔ)詞就更是難上加難,有時(shí)難免出現(xiàn)引起讀者誤解和曲解的翻譯。這就要求譯者應(yīng)特別謹(jǐn)慎,仔細(xì)分析隱含在語(yǔ)詞背后的容易引起語(yǔ)義沖突的文化因素,根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)篇,在不違背原文語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)基礎(chǔ)上再現(xiàn)原文語(yǔ)詞的文化意蘊(yùn),達(dá)到忠實(shí)原文的目的,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)兩種文化的溝通與移植。因此,譯者應(yīng)該采取審慎的態(tài)度,不能一概而論,而要根據(jù)具體的情況區(qū)別對(duì)待,對(duì)能移植過(guò)來(lái)的,盡可能保存其語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)形式,否則,就得采取其他相應(yīng)的變通辦法,以傳遞其意義、意味。只有這樣,才能既忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)原文的文化意蘊(yùn),又不至于違背譯入語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和譯入語(yǔ)的文化產(chǎn)生沖突。
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1.地域文化不同導(dǎo)致的文化差異。地域文化指的是由所處地域、自然條件和地理環(huán)境所形成的文化,表現(xiàn)在不同民族對(duì)同一種現(xiàn)象或事物采用不同的言語(yǔ)形式來(lái)表達(dá)。[3]112-113中國(guó)是個(gè)地大物博,幅員遼闊的國(guó)家,人們常常用“揮金如土”形容人花錢(qián)慷慨或揮霍無(wú)度。而英國(guó)是一個(gè)四面環(huán)海的島國(guó)。水對(duì)于英國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)是取之不盡,用之不竭的資源,所以他們用“spendmoneylikewater”來(lái)表示相同的意思。由于“土”對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)是很珍貴的,若將“揮金如土”直譯為“spendmoneylikeearth”英國(guó)人可能難以理解,從而造成交際障礙。作為島國(guó),英國(guó)在歷史的發(fā)展中積累了大量與“boat”,“water”,“sailing”,“fish”相關(guān)的習(xí)語(yǔ),而我國(guó)是農(nóng)耕民族,習(xí)語(yǔ)自然與土地及耕作工具相關(guān),所以英漢翻譯時(shí)一定要根據(jù)各自的文化做出等值譯文。如:“neveroffertoteachfishtoswim”(不要班門(mén)弄斧),“abigfishinalittlepond”(山中無(wú)老虎,猴子稱(chēng)霸王)。
2.習(xí)俗文化不同導(dǎo)致的文化差異。不同的民族在歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程中,形成了自己特有的文化規(guī)約和習(xí)俗。語(yǔ)言,作為文化的重要組成部分,也必然反映民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。日常打招呼,中國(guó)人大多使用“吃了嗎?”“上哪呢?”等等,這體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的一種隨意感??晌鞣饺藭?huì)把這種打招呼的方式理解成為一種隱私干涉。在西方,日常打招呼他們會(huì)。單地說(shuō)“Hello”,“Hi”,或按時(shí)間段問(wèn)候,“Goodmorning!”“Goodafternoon!”“Goodevening!”。而英國(guó)人見(jiàn)面也會(huì)說(shuō):“Aniceday!”。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)婚禮習(xí)慣用紅色,因?yàn)榧t色象征吉祥。在喪葬習(xí)俗中,喪色為白色。而在西方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣中,白色卻代表圣潔美好。所以,婚禮上新娘總是身著白色婚紗。所以,在翻譯紅色和白色時(shí),譯者要注重了解不同文化的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)語(yǔ)言所賦予的文化內(nèi)涵。因此,“awhiteday”要譯成“好日子”或“吉日”而不能直譯成“白色的日子”。再如:yardsale(庭院售物)、garagesale(車(chē)庫(kù)售物)、porchsale(門(mén)庭售物)或movingsale(搬家售物),是英美國(guó)家一種獨(dú)特的售物方式。由主人把家中多余不用的物品放在庭院中,車(chē)庫(kù)里或門(mén)廊下廉價(jià)出售。而國(guó)內(nèi)是沒(méi)有這種做法的。因此,只有了解這種文化,才能正確翻譯,否則,會(huì)根據(jù)字面意思造成誤譯。
3.思維模式不同導(dǎo)致的文化差異。思維模式是使用某一種語(yǔ)言的民族群體在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史過(guò)程中形成的語(yǔ)言心理傾向。不同文化的人對(duì)外界認(rèn)知模式的差異,往往導(dǎo)致思維模式的差異。中西文化認(rèn)知角度的差異,表現(xiàn)在對(duì)同一事物具體與抽象特征敏感落點(diǎn)的不同。在對(duì)事物進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)時(shí),英語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣往往把觀察重點(diǎn)和視覺(jué)中心落在較為抽象的特征上,并以抽象的特征來(lái)說(shuō)明更為具體的東西,而漢語(yǔ)的感知視點(diǎn)恰恰與此相反。如:中國(guó)人習(xí)慣性用具體的“鍋碗瓢盆”指代廚房里的炊具,但因?yàn)檎J(rèn)知視點(diǎn)的差異會(huì)誤譯為,“wok,bowl,gourd,la-dlebin”,而應(yīng)抽象概括為“cookingutensils”。再如:“Hisbodyisveryhealthy.”(他的身體非常健康)、“Histwoeyesareblind.”(他雙目失明)。從漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言使用習(xí)慣來(lái)說(shuō),這兩句說(shuō)法沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。由于英語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣把句意中心落在較為抽象的特征上,而漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣落在具體的特征上,所以譯文中的“body”,“eyes”就是一種漢語(yǔ)具體思維的體現(xiàn),更地道的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)應(yīng)該是“Heisveryhealthy”,“Heisblind”。語(yǔ)言與思維關(guān)系密切,不同的思維方式制約著語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式。所以,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)充分了解兩種語(yǔ)言的差異,排除思維習(xí)慣的干擾。
4.宗教文化不同導(dǎo)致的文化差異。宗教文化,作為一種以信仰為核心的特殊文化,影響著人們的思想意識(shí)、生活習(xí)俗。英美人多信仰基督教,認(rèn)為世界是“上帝”創(chuàng)造的,凡事要遵從上帝的旨意。因此,英語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)與“上帝”有關(guān)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá),如:“Godblessme”、“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”。有些譯者將這兩句話直譯成“上帝保佑”“上帝幫助自助者”。顯然,這樣的表達(dá)是不符合漢語(yǔ)文化的。由于中國(guó)受佛教、道教和儒家思想的影響較深,所以,“Godblessme”譯成“菩薩保佑”,“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthem-selves”譯成“天助自助者”更符合漢語(yǔ)的文化傳統(tǒng),也更容易讓中國(guó)讀者理解。再如:“半路出家”(switchtoanewtradewithoutsolidfoundation),“做一天和尚,撞一天鐘”(takeapsiveattitudetowardone’swork),“借花獻(xiàn)佛”(topresentBuddhawithborrowedflowers—toborrowsomethingtomakeagiftofit)。“出家”、“和尚”,“佛”均是中國(guó)的宗教文化,為了避免理解上的難點(diǎn),括號(hào)中的譯文均采用了意譯法。對(duì)于宗教文化方面存在的差異,在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)予以注意,否則就會(huì)造成交際障礙。
5.情感聯(lián)想不同導(dǎo)致的文化差異。語(yǔ)言的聯(lián)想意義和社會(huì)文化是緊密相關(guān)的。在翻譯中,盡管字面意義相同,但潛在的背景因素引起的心理聯(lián)想會(huì)存在差異。一些看似相同的事物,不同文化習(xí)俗的讀者,往往會(huì)有完全不同的理解和聯(lián)想。如:英語(yǔ)中“goose”含有蠢笨、呆頭呆腦的意思,故而英語(yǔ)中有“stupidgoose”的說(shuō)法,但對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō),“鵝”是優(yōu)雅、美麗、甚至高貴的化身,我們有洛賓王那首家喻戶(hù)曉,婦孺皆知的《詠鵝》為證,中國(guó)人無(wú)論如何不會(huì)將“鵝”與“蠢笨”聯(lián)系起來(lái)。[2]狗在中國(guó)詞匯中經(jīng)常具有貶義色彩,“走狗、狗仗人勢(shì)”等都帶有強(qiáng)烈的諷刺意義。在西方,狗被視為寵物,帶有褒義色彩,如aluckydog(幸運(yùn)兒)、Loveme,lovemydog(愛(ài)屋及烏)等都體現(xiàn)了狗在西方人眼中的特殊地位。
6.價(jià)值導(dǎo)向不同導(dǎo)致的文化差異。價(jià)值導(dǎo)向是指社會(huì)或群體、個(gè)人在自身的多種具體價(jià)值取向中將其中某種取向確定為主導(dǎo)的追求方向的過(guò)程。由于價(jià)值導(dǎo)向不同,兩種文化對(duì)于“謙遜”的看法截然不同。如:“modestdogsmissmuchmeet”(謙虛的狗沒(méi)有肉吃),“anexcessofmodestyobstructsthetongue”(謙虛過(guò)分束縛舌頭),“rulesmodestydestroygeniusart”(規(guī)則與謙遜會(huì)毀掉天才和藝術(shù))等等。諸如此類(lèi)的說(shuō)法表明西方人認(rèn)為“謙遜”無(wú)用。而中國(guó)人自古以來(lái)就很注重“謙遜”。如:“虛心使人進(jìn)步,驕傲使人落后”(Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereconceitmakesonelagbehind),“滿(mǎn)招損,謙受益”(Pridehurts,modestybenefits),等等。西方英語(yǔ)國(guó)家一般強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人行為,成就及個(gè)人價(jià)值。如:“Everymanforhimselfgodforusall”(人人為自己,上帝為大家),“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”(自助者天助),“Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfuture”(自己的命運(yùn)自己掌握)。而我們更強(qiáng)調(diào)集體價(jià)值觀,集體的成就。為了大局,可以犧牲掉個(gè)人的利益。因此,就有以下說(shuō)法:“吃苦在先,享受在后?!?Thefirsttotoilthelttoenjoylife)這是典型的中國(guó)人的價(jià)值觀,強(qiáng)調(diào)集體的力量。再如:“眾志成城”(Thereisverybigstrengthwhenpeoplejointogether),“眾人拾柴火焰高”(Manyhsmakelightwork),“單絲不成線,獨(dú)木不成林?!?inglethreadcan’tmakeacord,noringletreeaforest.)
二、結(jié)語(yǔ)
文化差異問(wèn)題內(nèi)容豐富而又復(fù)雜。在翻譯過(guò)程中,只有充分了解中西方文化的差異,弄清源語(yǔ)言的真實(shí)涵義才能使譯文貼切而又自然。在英漢翻譯中,為了有效避免因文化差異而造成的誤譯,可以靈活采用不同的翻譯技巧。在直譯與意譯都不能解決問(wèn)題的情況下,可以采用以下三種補(bǔ)償策略。
1.對(duì)于詞義空缺的詞匯可以采用音譯法。如:“陰(yin)”、“陽(yáng)(yang)、bowling(保齡球),disco(迪斯科)。
2.為了保留原文的文化色彩,可以采用釋義法,注譯法。如:theheelofAchilles(阿基里斯的腳跟———唯一致命的弱點(diǎn))。
On Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark Words and Coping Strategies
Xu Huimin
Abstracts: With the advent of economic globalization, more and more commodities are going out of the country and have a share in world market. Trademark is a special language symbol and important component of commodity culture,representing the unique characteristics of the commodity. It is also a powerful weapon for enterprisers to participate in international competition. Good trademark translation can bring tremendous wealth to the enterprise while the adverse trademark translation can make the enterprise pay a heavy price; therefore the survival of the enterprise has an intimate relationship with trademark translation. Trademark translation should follow the principles of translation and pay attention to the cultural forbidden zone in trademark translation. Here are many ways to translate trademarks, such as pinyin, transliteration and so on, which should pay attention to the cultural taboos of different countries and nationalities in order to avoid unnecessary troubles.
1. Introduction
The emergence of trademarks as a symbol of enterprise, it is a bridge between producers and consumers in direct dialogue it is a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international competition. The deepening of China's opening-up and the increasing economic activity of foreign-funded enterprises in China has greatly enriched the economic life of the Chinese people and created many new economic and commercial activities for the Chinese people. A large number of domestic exports to all parts of the world, foreign goods also flooded into the domestic market. Legitimate goods have their own trademarks. Today, with economic globalization and regional economic integration, more and more Chinese enterprises in order to seek larger development space and seek higher economic effectiveness for go out of the country and tend towards the world. At the same time, our lives appear many foreign brands with the same idea and purpose. A company whether can set up its own brand in this time of rapid economic growth and gain more development space, the key depend on product quality and research and development. But once you out of the country, you will face different culture, language, customs... under the background of the international market. The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. For example advertisement and translation of trademark will play a crucial role in the early stage. It is not an exaggeration to say that when an enterprise’s brand is in the international market, the name of the commodity translated appreciately or not. In a sense, it is directly related to the brand in the international market, in a way, is directly related to the enterprise brand in the international market.
Nowadays we can see all kinds of trademarks when we walking in the street. The trademark is has the remarkable feature of a commodity producer or business operator who use it in order to distinguish his goods from other people's goods. Therefore, in the circulation of commodities, trademark is the symbol of commodities. Some trademarks is a word, some trademarks are just a simple image design, while some signs are the combination of graphics and words. Taking trademarks advertising commodity has become an important way of enterprises to tap the potential of international market and promote the development of international trade. Trademark translation is the transformation from one language to another, and to maintain its original style and connotation. Nowadays more and more foreign goods are entering the Chinese market. Meanwhile, more and more Chinese products are selling goods all around the world. How successfully translate the English trademark into Chinese trademark has become a problem for many enterprises and the translator to consider, and if China's enterprises have intention to enter the international market, that must be consider how to have good translate for Chinese trademark the into the English trademark.
This paper starts from the taboo of trademark translation, analyzes the cultural taboos which should be paid attention to in the process of trademark translation due to different cultures of various countries. With the exchange of Chinese and foreign products, the translation of trademarks is inevitable, so the translation of trademarks plays an important role in the sale of goods outside the home. The first chapter mainly introduces the background and significance of trademark translation. The second chapter mainly introduces the method of trademark translation. The third chapter mainly introduces the different cultural taboos in different cultures, and the fourth chapter mainly puts forward some corresponding strategies for the cultural taboos in the world. The fifth chapter mainly summarizes the full content.
2. Translation Methods of Trademark
In the process of trademark translation, businessmen strive for trademark individuality, concise content, break through the rules of grammar, as far as possible with the least content text bearing the most corporate culture and commodity value, and to make consumers have the desire to buy the goods and facilitate the effect of memory.( 許金杞. 意美、音美、形美——英文商標(biāo)的漢譯[J], 外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2002, (11): 48.).
2.1Transliteration
Transliteration is based on the pronunciation of English trademarks, which are translated in the same or similar pronunciation of Chinese characters. Its advantage is that it can maintain the original pronunciation advantage of the original brand and brand name, which can reflect the exotic atmosphere of the goods. Taking transliteration of trademark name is mainly composed of a person's name, enterprise name or other proper noun. This method is used in both English trademark translation and Chinese trademark translation. A common used for transliteration English trademark, such as Sony, L 'Orea, Nike, Casio, Revlon, Ikea etc.
2.2 Synthetic Phonics
Synthetic Phonics is to cut words or make words together, create a new word to translation brand name, make the brand name novel and interesting, impressive, and have abundant association. Therefore, it can play a role in the advocacy. Such as 新意達(dá)集團(tuán)“Newit” (New + Wit), 東方星鐘表“Eastar”(Eeast + star), 膚美靈化妝品“Skinice”(skin + nice), 金霸王電池“Durable cell” (Durable + Cell), 尤妮佳“Unicharm”(union + charm), 德生電 “Tecsun”(technology+ sun).
2.3 Spelling
The trademark taking spelling which is more simply and intuitive, and is named directly in the form of pinyin. Such as:大寶(DABAO)、六神(LIUSHEN)、華為(HUAWEI)etc. When we use pinyin to translate the name of an English trademark, sometimes it does not have corresponding words or expressions of Chinese. Some trademarks will be presented in the form of pinyin in the translation process, but the word may have different meanings in English-speaking countries. For example, there is a trademark called “FUCK Pincers”, which probably initials of the company name. But in English, the word means “cheating, cajoling” or even sex slang. Therefore, when we translate trademarks, we should be careful of each country of cultural differences and cultural taboos. Although the use of pinyin translation of trademarks have failed cases, but the use of Pinyin translation of trademarks have a successful case. Such as “Chun Lan”(春蘭空調(diào))and “Chang Hong”(長(zhǎng)虹空調(diào)). But these successes are in the minority. Some trademarks that use pinyin translation can be misleading, produce negative associations and cause ambiguity. Such as the lipstick brand “芳芳”, translated by pinyin as “Fang Fang”, but in English, the word “Fang” means “along, sharp tooth of a dog; a snake’s poison-tooth”. So, for cosmetics that want to make people beautiful, the translation is too different from its original meaning, and it can't arouse consumers' desire to buy. Although pinyin translation is relatively simple compared with other translation methods, but the trademark is only a sign, which usually loses the deep meaning of the original trademark. For example, “金龍” translates to “King Long”. The pronunciation of “金” and “King” is very close, and it has a noble meaning, and this conversion is reasonable. In China, “龍” is the symbol of Chinese culture, symbolizing the meaning of justice and prosperity, but the word “Long” in English pronunciation for “Wolf” so with the meaning of “龍” have a clear difference in meaning. In these cases, the loss of the original meaning of the trademark but also to foreign consumers puzzled, do not understand what these trademarks mean, thus affecting the sales volume.
2.4 Liberal Translation
The liberal translation refers to the translation according to the purport of the original text, not the word translation. Usually in the translation of sentences or phrases used more, liberal translation is mainly used in the original language and the translation of large cultural differences in the case. Liberal translation is more able to reflect the language characteristics of the nation. The transliteration of trade mark means that the translator has to abandon the literal meaning of the original text in order to conform to the original content and the main language function, which is based on the national culture and focuses on the cultural connotation. In other words, the transliteration is a completely literal translation. Such as “Red Bull”(紅牛飲料),“Microsoft”(微軟),The liberal translation, also called "Functional equivalence translation", usually only chooses the content of the original text and discards its form, which is a kind of translation after digestion. For example: “雀巢咖啡”translated into Nescafe. Nescafe is the abbreviation of Nestle Coffee, why do you have this translation? Because the coffee's outsourcing bottle cap is printed with the design of Nestle, its English is Nestle, and the “咖啡” translation is coffee, so in translating, The translator according to the meaning take two words together is “Nescafe”.
3. The Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark
Because in international trade different countries have different social, historical and cultural backgrounds, a commodity often appears to be popular in one country, but in another it is neglected. This is because the translator did not take fully the cultural and historical background of the trademark translation into account, which led to the marketing failure. Translators should have a certain understanding of different countries of national culture and cultural taboos, there will not due to the mistake of trademark translation, result in the failure of commodity marketing. ( Nida, E. “Language, Culture and Translating”, 上海: 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1993.).
3.1 Taboos of National Psychology
National psychology refers to the character, temperament, emotion, value orientation, religious mentality and aesthetic psychology of a nation. Although the psychological model of a nation has the same characteristics as other nationalities, but most of them are different and mutually exclusive. The national psychological differences make people have psychological conflict in the people intercourse, and form the barrier of mutual intercourse. National psychology is the inherent psychological characteristic of a nation in the process of long-term evolution. Because different ethnic groups are affected by different ecological environment, religious belief and historical political and cultural background, different ethnic groups form different national psychology. Different national psychology has created different values and consuming psychology. The psychological mode of a nation inevitably influences its shopping mentality. In the process of trademark translation, if we ignore the national psychological differences, the good products will not be bought for the unacceptable translated trademark in sales place. Such as “帆船” carpet is also the traditional export products translated into junk results in the United States market no one to buy. Originally junk in English sailing accident also have rubbish, tattered meaning. Later it was translated into “Junco” to attract the attention of foreign people. Because of the different customs and morals of each country and nation, the translator should consider the culture and customs of the place of sale. The trademark of the “太陽(yáng)神口服液” wants to show the world that the oral liquid can be full of youthful vigor, not directly translated into the "the god of the sun", the translator in the translation of the Cultural transformation, translated as "Apollo", the ancient Greek sun God's meaning, representing the light and youth, with the original language.
3.2 Element of Politics, Economy and History
Politics, economy and history determine the status of a country in the world, so it is a cultural taboo is an important factor to be considered in the translation of trademarks and a sensitive factor, so it is very important to take into account the political, economic and historical taboos in translation. Such as OPIUM perfume, inventor of the trademark in 1977 had been to China, he started from the Chinese snuff bottle modeling inspiration, created the "OPIUM" brand perfume, trademark means "OPIUM", translated as OPIUM will remind the Chinese of humiliation of the opium war, the strong national pride makes the perfume was listed in China slammed by consumers, and eventually banned due to violation of China's trademark law. Bear in modern economic terms, it can be matched with market, which means "market of falling market", popularly known as "weak city, market and bear market". Such words should not be used on trademarks.
3.3 The Variation of Culture Taboos in Different Countries
3.3.1 The Variation of Animal’s Symbolic Meaning
Panda: in China, they are seen as animals and pets, but in Muslim countries, they are seen as pig. African trademark also bans the panda.
Bats: westerners believe it is a symbol of terror, death and foreboding. Even kids know it's a vampire. However, in our country, it is regarded as a symbol of happiness, as an auspicious omen.
Elephant: in India, Sri Lanka and other countries are auspicious things and solemn symbols. But in some European countries, elephants have the same meaning as idiots
Owl: in our country, the owl is regarded as an ominous sign. In addition to the Swiss, westerners believe that it is the embodiment of wisdom, courage and toughness.
Peacock: in our country and south Asia, it symbolizes auspiciousness and beauty. India also sees it as a national bird, but Europeans see the peacock as a scourge.
Dogs: dogs in the west are seen as a loyal partner, protected by law. Instead, in some parts of northern Africa, people hate dogs and taboo dogs.
Cats: in many countries, they are considered pets. Europeans think cats can bring good luck. But many people in western countries think black cats are unlucky.
The crane: our country regards it as a symbol of good luck and longevity, while the French think the crane is a stupid man's name.
Rabbit: many countries think that rabbits are cute and docile, but in Australia they are the exception. Because rabbits eat grass, they are the bane of wool production, so they don't like the “rabbi” brand.
Phoenix: in our country is a kind of the miraculous animals, on behalf of the "lucky, happiness, and elegant. Chinese people believed that a “鳳凰”bicycle can bring good luck, but in western culture legend phoenix is not dead bird, there is the meaning of" renewable "and" resurrection ", so the goods no takers in the west it is not surprising. A similar example of “喜鵲”,but the English word is “magpie” is talking about boring people in the west.
3.3.2 The Variation of Number Symbolic Meaning
0: Indians believe that the number ending in 0 is positive.
1: in the eyes of westerners, “1” means perfection and initiation.
3: the Greeks and Egyptians considered the “3” to be sacred, dignified and auspicious. Some western countries see this as an unlucky number.
4: North Korea, Japan and China think this number is unlucky. In the eyes of Japanese, it is lazy and useless. The Arabs thought it was immortal, so they attached great importance to this number.
7: Some Europeans and Americans think this is a good luck, while Singaporeans have the opposite idea.
8: this is a lucky number in China, which is very similar to the word "發(fā)", which people tend to choose when choosing a number. Singaporeans, however, say the Numbers are not good.
13: the west and Singapore think this number will bring bad luck and misfortune. So there are no 13 floors in western countries.
Digital deification also shows the difference between east and west. In our country “666”, “999”, “金六?!? “三元” and “13” these digital products, in the United States can see the “7-up”, “Modle Seven” and “7-eleven”and other trademarks of goods, but “666”, “13” goods exported to the United Kingdom and the United States will become a problem, because the “six” in the west is the symbol of the devil, 13 is an unlucky number. It is difficult for us to master the culture of each country, which requires us to accumulate knowledge to avoid the cultural taboos of other countries in the translation of trademarks.
3.3.3 The Variation of Color Symbolic Meaning
In China, green symbolizes life, red symbolizes passion, white symbolizes purity, and black symbolizes solemnity. In the United States, light colors are generally liked, such as ivory, light green, light blue, yellow, pink, light yellow, and they don't like purple. In France, people have imaginative about color. In addition, the color research and application is very exquisite, like red, yellow, blue and other colors. Bright-color is regarded as the symbol of vogue, luxuriant, nobility, so bright-color is popular in France. In eastern France, boys in fashion wear blue and girls wear pink. For Belgium, chrysanthemum means death, so similar to the chrysanthemum color won't welcome. For southern Belgium, girls love pink and boy love blue, ordinary people love the elegant grey. Avoid dark green, black and green color for Nazi uniform. It is not appropriate to use blue and yellow as a commercial in Sweden. Many countries like green, especially in the desert where Arabs see green as life, and green as a symbol of life for the flag. The Japanese, however, taboo green, who think green, is unlucky. In Malaysia, green is the symbol of disease. Westerners use white to symbolize purity, and black symbolizes death. Britain regards “red” as cruel and unlucky. In western countries, westerners regard white as a symbol of purity and beauty, and the bride's wedding dress is white, which symbolizes the purity and fidelity of love.
4. Coping Strategies of Cultural Taboos in the Process of Translation
Trademarks are the unity of language and culture. Trademark translation, with the perspective of cross-cultural communication, accurately grasp, the surface culture and deep culture, which can turn the material value to the abstract spiritual value. It allowed consumers to understand the material value of goods and material language culture and spiritual culture. Goods are sold to different countries and regions, so cultural differences between different types and degrees are necessarily reflected in the language. Although the translator deals with individual words in trademark translation, the translator always faces two cultures. Facing with fierce competition, the translator must have a strong awareness of intercultural communication, and break the bondage of language form equivalence concept in order that bring out the sound and make all brand names of goods have broad market prospects.( [3] Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.).
4.1 Catering to Consumer Psychology
Culture affects all aspects of our lives. It restricts and regulates the process of feeling the world and forming ideas, thus forming some perceptual cultural determinism. These perceptual stereotypes affect people's values and consumer psychology. The translation of trademarks must take into account the cultural habits and aesthetic psychology of consumers. In international trade, it is not difficult to find that the product of the same trademark is popular in one place and suffers from a snub in another. It is important that whether trademark translation can cater to consumers' aesthetic psychology. A people said that "The translator must be a real cultural person". If the translator is not sufficiently knowledgeable about the language and cultural phenomena of the target language, it is likely to make unavoidable mistakes in language or culture. For example, the “白象” battery produced in our country is translated as “White Elephant”, originally in English, “White Elephant” meaning is “big and useless”. For example, there is a kind of electric appliance called “蝙蝠”, the Chinese will take their homophonic, “蝠-福氣”. When translated into “Bat”, it will cause Westerners to resent it because they hate the animal. It is important to know how to translate the correct trademark. The import trademarks translation needs to take into account the traditional culture of China and the consumption psychology of Chinese consumers. Foreign products enter the Chinese market, if they want to set up a good product image, and be loved by Chinese consumers, they should have a translation which is consistent with Chinese consumers' cultural habits and aesthetic psychology Such as the United States drink “Coca Cola”, a translator used several of its similar homophonic Chinese characters as their trademark name in its first sale in China, the result is no one buy, because these several Chinese characters together reminiscent of the shape of the tadpole, meaning of “啃蠟蝌蚪”. Later, a called Jiang Yi translator careful study of the translation of the “Coca-Cola”, not only retained the “cola” pronunciation, but also cater to the Chinese consumer's psychology, point out its “delicious” taste, and the “happy” effect. In a sense, “cola” can be sold in the Chinese market, which is a good idea of the translation has played a great role.
4.2 The Use of Concise Language
For trademark translation, consumers are impressed by the simple and easy to understand and easy to understand. Because of the significant differences in pronunciation, word formation, historical background and cultural tradition between Chinese and English, some of the most concise and powerful trademarks in one language may appear to be protracted and difficult to remember. For example the American beer “Budweiser”, translate into“百德威斯” is difficult to remember Obviously there is no “百威” to be concise, and "百威" makes people feel refreshed and infinitely powerful. The trademark translation should make the reader feel good, remember, love and be willing to buy its goods, such as “Panten”(潘婷), “Olay” (玉蘭油), the translation is elegant and pleasant to hear. Therefore, when translating trademarks, we should bear in mind the memory function of trademarks, make the translation straightforward and simple, easy to read and easy to remember, and try to avoid those lengthy and cumbersome ones, that is, no real meaning, difficult to read and hard to remember . The most important goal of trademark translation is to enable consumers to remember the products they represent through the translation of trademarks. Therefore, trademark translation must be simple, easy to remember and vivid image.
4.3 Reflecting Commodity Information
The function of a trademark is to illustrate the performance of the commodity and reflect the characteristics of the commodity. A trademark is also a concise advertisement. A commodity wants to open sale, besides the quality is good, the variety is opposite the road, the price is reasonable, very important one is the translation of the trademark. By trademark, people can have the most basic understanding of the commodity, as far as possible to the purpose of pre-sale. Therefore, the translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the commodity from one aspect of the commodity, leaving a deep impression on the consumers. The translation must conform to the nature of the product and reflect its accurate positioning in the original text. For example: the world famous toothpaste brand Crest has the meaning of “Top, Peak point, Helmet” and so on, which makes people think of the “hard and hard surface protection”. If it can protect the teeth like a helmet, who can say no? Today, P&G products are almost everywhere in the world, and the “Safeguard” is particularly profound. The word is composed of “safe + guard”, safe means “safe, safe, reliable” and “guard” means “protection” two words together, became a “security”. This can make people think that the product is safe and does not stimulate the skin and can also play a role in skin care. The translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the product and impress the consumers. Such as: the name “Benz” of Germany comes from the name of “KarlBenz”. In Taiwan, it was translated as “朋馳” and also translated as “本茨”. Although these translations are similar to the original name, the literal meaning does not reflect the performance of the goods, or it can be said to have no meaning. Now, "Benz" is translated as “Benz”, which is similar to the original name, which can also be thought of in the literal meaning of the translated name to the excellent performance of the car. Again such as “Nike” and “original intention”, the Greek goddess of victory, “娜姬”, “Nike” to the original feeling of propaganda object may be like a beautiful and victory, and the feeling of “Nike” to the Chinese tend to be more abrasion resistance, more in line with the consumer psychology of the Chinese . Excellent trademarks try to reflect the characteristics and advantages of commodities to cater to consumers' purchasing psychology. These logos are full of allegorical or inspiring people's rich associations to create an irresistible feeling.
The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. Trademark language has several characteristics,F(xiàn)irst, the trademark language to have independence, only has the independent trademark to give the consumer the visual impact and the appeal, thus achieves the recognition and the approval goal. In other words, there could be no other identical trademarks. Second, the trademark language should be symbolic, trademark logo must have a high cohesion and profound implication. This requires businesses in the development of trademarks to the corporate culture, entrepreneurial spirit and the characteristics of enterprise products in the brand. Third, the trademark language should also be descriptive, refers to the trademark language generally implies the quality of goods, indicating its characteristics and performance. Four, the trademark language should also have the imagination characteristic, this can give the consumer an imaginary space, lets the consumer feel that uses this kind of product to have the unexpected effect. Five, use foreign words to do trademark language, according to their own cultural patterns, new things to be reconstructed.
論文摘要:翻譯的“文化轉(zhuǎn)向”被認(rèn)為是翻譯研究的主流。本文提出,語(yǔ)言、文化與翻譯關(guān)系密切,翻譯是一種深層的跨文化交流活動(dòng),文化翻譯應(yīng)基于語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換,借助文化關(guān)聯(lián)的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境,從語(yǔ)境干涉的語(yǔ)言層、認(rèn)知層、交際層、語(yǔ)用層等多維層面獲得最佳的關(guān)聯(lián)才能使譯語(yǔ)獲得與源語(yǔ)高度一致的文化源語(yǔ)效應(yīng)。
1. 引言
語(yǔ)言與文化關(guān)系密切。語(yǔ)言是文化的重要組成部分,同時(shí)語(yǔ)言又是文化的載體,文化深深根植于語(yǔ)言,相互影響、相互滲透。翻譯不僅是一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換的活動(dòng),而且是一種深層的跨文化交流活動(dòng)。面對(duì)這樣的跨文化活動(dòng),譯者必須通過(guò)有效的途徑,平衡兩種語(yǔ)言文化關(guān)系,避免走向極端,對(duì)源語(yǔ)的文化內(nèi)容或因素進(jìn)行有效的傳譯。文化的翻譯與源語(yǔ)折射的意圖的翻譯是建立于對(duì)源語(yǔ)和譯語(yǔ)兩種文化進(jìn)行深入細(xì)致地對(duì)比研究的基礎(chǔ)上,是充分考慮兩種語(yǔ)言文化之后的選擇。如何選擇譯語(yǔ)需要我們對(duì)雙語(yǔ)的文化等要素進(jìn)行推理,以獲得合理的文化關(guān)聯(lián),以順應(yīng)為手段在動(dòng)態(tài)的翻譯過(guò)程中選擇和優(yōu)化最佳的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。本文討論運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)原則,以獲得雙語(yǔ)文化的最佳關(guān)聯(lián)認(rèn)知效果,使譯語(yǔ)獲得與源語(yǔ)高度一致的文化源語(yǔ)效應(yīng)。
2. 文化關(guān)聯(lián)與文化翻譯
2.1 文化翻譯的關(guān)聯(lián)與推理
翻譯是一種交際行為,交際的目的也就是交際者的意圖和聽(tīng)者的期待。(Gutt, 1991:47;趙彥春,2005:114)本文根據(jù)斯波伯和威爾遜的關(guān)聯(lián)論與維緒爾倫的順應(yīng)論(Verschueren, 2004:63)建構(gòu)了關(guān)聯(lián)順應(yīng)理論,把翻譯看作是一個(gè)語(yǔ)際間的明示—推理—順應(yīng)—選擇的闡釋活動(dòng),是大腦機(jī)制的推理過(guò)程,是一種不同語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)言維、文化維和交際維等多維度的交際活動(dòng)。關(guān)聯(lián)論通過(guò)明示—推理—順應(yīng)—選擇給譯文提供最佳的語(yǔ)境效果。據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)理論的翻譯觀,譯者應(yīng)首先根據(jù)自己的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境對(duì)原文作者的交際意圖和受體的期待進(jìn)行理想化的語(yǔ)境假設(shè),然后進(jìn)行語(yǔ)碼選擇。在翻譯載有含意的話語(yǔ)時(shí),在確定譯文讀者的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境能夠接受和理解原文的含意,譯者應(yīng)盡量采取直譯將原文話語(yǔ)中的形象和文化特征傳達(dá)出來(lái),而將含意留給讀者去推敲。例如:
(1)三月里劉熏宇君來(lái)信,說(shuō)互生病了,而且是沒(méi)有希望的病,醫(yī)生說(shuō)只好等日子了……想不到這么快互生就歿了?。ㄖ熳郧濉栋Щド罚?/p>
譯文:In March I heard from Mr. Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that. The doctor said there was nothing he could do but to wait for the day to arrive...How quickly the day had arrived!
“等日子”是漢語(yǔ)有的委婉語(yǔ),即“不久于人世”,直譯為“wait for the day to arrive”在上下文的關(guān)聯(lián)下應(yīng)能理解其語(yǔ)用含義。最后一句用了“How quickly the day had arrived!”來(lái)譯“歿”字,與上文相呼應(yīng),保留源語(yǔ)含蓄的同時(shí)表達(dá)了源語(yǔ)的感嘆語(yǔ)氣。
文化關(guān)聯(lián)與語(yǔ)言使用的語(yǔ)境密切關(guān)聯(lián)。譯者必須在動(dòng)態(tài)的交往中關(guān)注交往干涉的各因素去理解文化和傳遞文化。文化不是一成不變的穩(wěn)定固體,而是處于不斷嬗變和演化的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程之中。文化的這種屬性決定了語(yǔ)言文化、心理文化、制度文化等不同程度的變異特性。語(yǔ)言變體、民族文化心理、文化價(jià)值觀、審美觀念和文化習(xí)俗的逐漸變異都是文化動(dòng)態(tài)性的具體形態(tài)。譯者敏銳地抓住原文文本語(yǔ)言的各種變體差異是正確理解原文語(yǔ)言文化的關(guān)鍵。在譯者與原文文本的對(duì)話中,譯者的跨文化意識(shí)是譯者理解和捕捉語(yǔ)言變體和文化流變的首要前提條件,這需要發(fā)揮譯者的創(chuàng)新能力和還原能力,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)譯者從跨語(yǔ)言的理解到跨文化的解讀。譯者在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)通過(guò)文化語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)順應(yīng)才能選擇正確的詞義,最大限度地進(jìn)行譯文的語(yǔ)言重構(gòu)。
同時(shí),為了獲得最佳語(yǔ)境效果,譯者必須力圖靈活地使用各種翻譯手法,例如歸化、異化、注釋或增添解釋性等,順應(yīng)文化語(yǔ)境以獲得與源語(yǔ)高度一致的翻譯效果。
(2)“我所謂愛(ài),非瓜葛之愛(ài),乃夫妻之愛(ài)。”(蒲松齡《聊齋志異·卷二》)
譯文:What I mean by love is not the love between gourds on the same vine, but the love between husband and wife.
這里譯者把“瓜葛之愛(ài)”譯做“葫蘆之愛(ài)”,這樣的愛(ài)是什么樣的愛(ài)呢?源語(yǔ)讀者和譯文讀者雖付出一定的努力也難以獲得最佳的語(yǔ)境假設(shè)與認(rèn)知效果。此句可以意譯為“the love between distant relatives”使讀者獲得最佳關(guān)聯(lián)。
2.2 文化關(guān)聯(lián)與文化傳遞
翻譯的根本任務(wù)是傳遞不同語(yǔ)言的文化。文化傳遞與關(guān)聯(lián)的認(rèn)知過(guò)程可以描述為:源語(yǔ)文化的解碼與關(guān)聯(lián)——源語(yǔ)文化理解的解構(gòu)與關(guān)聯(lián)——源語(yǔ)與譯語(yǔ)之間文化意義的關(guān)聯(lián)與解析——文化的表達(dá)與傳播。(曾文雄,2007:70)由于各個(gè)國(guó)家、民族的社會(huì)制度,自然環(huán)境,宗教信仰,民情風(fēng)俗,思維方式,心理差異和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣等方面的差異,語(yǔ)言隱含的文化內(nèi)涵給翻譯帶來(lái)種種的障礙,甚至出現(xiàn)文化誤讀的可能性以及翻譯中所謂的不可譯性。這些文化的差異,使得源語(yǔ)的指稱(chēng)、語(yǔ)用和言?xún)?nèi)言外等方面幾乎無(wú)法在譯語(yǔ)找到合理的對(duì)應(yīng)。雖然如此,完全將源語(yǔ)文化價(jià)值體系排除在外也是不可取的。對(duì)于文化成分的傳遞必須全面地綜合考慮多層面的因素,并采取不同的對(duì)策,用譯語(yǔ)為文化交流架起橋梁。譯者必須在譯語(yǔ)文化的背景下建構(gòu)起一種相應(yīng)的文化語(yǔ)境,取得與雙語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇合理的關(guān)聯(lián)性,處理不相容的文化與文化沖突,尋求沖突的調(diào)節(jié)點(diǎn)。
(3)She is a fox.
譯文1:她是個(gè)狐貍精。
譯文2:她是只狐貍。
譯文3:她是位時(shí)髦迷人的女郎。
中英文化中“狐貍”都可以與狡猾或詭計(jì)多端的人聯(lián)系在一起。但當(dāng)“狐貍”與女性聯(lián)系時(shí),漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)具有不同的文化色彩。譯者必須要有語(yǔ)用思維,對(duì)源語(yǔ)的文化進(jìn)行推理,獲得最佳的認(rèn)知效果。若按照中國(guó)人的心理,把fox譯做“狐貍精”,那無(wú)疑是錯(cuò)誤的,因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中它指的是時(shí)髦迷人的女子;第二個(gè)譯文看似忠實(shí)于原文,實(shí)際上容易引起誤會(huì),沒(méi)有把真正的語(yǔ)用意義傳遞出來(lái)。在跨文化翻譯中存在文學(xué)典故、宗教信仰、社會(huì)生活等文化詞的翻譯。譯者若產(chǎn)生詞義聯(lián)想錯(cuò)誤或缺乏適宜的文化意象,就難以避免出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤或誤譯。
(4)Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.
譯文:據(jù)說(shuō)家家戶(hù)戶(hù)多多少少都有自家丑事。
譯文只是把源語(yǔ)的基本含義表達(dá)出來(lái),不過(guò)失掉了原文的形象表達(dá)中所體現(xiàn)的修辭手段。若將其譯為“據(jù)說(shuō),每戶(hù)人家的壁櫥里至少都藏有一具骷髏”雖把源語(yǔ)的意象表達(dá)出來(lái),卻未能很好表達(dá)其意義,這可能會(huì)給不熟悉西方文化背景的讀者帶來(lái)理解的困難。我們可以把源語(yǔ)譯為 “常言道:壁櫥里藏骷髏,家丑事家家有?!边@樣可以把源語(yǔ)的表象與意義表達(dá)出來(lái)。為此,文化的差異不是絕對(duì)的和不可逾越的。只要譯者通過(guò)的認(rèn)知思維去解讀源語(yǔ),盡可能平衡原作者和讀者之間的認(rèn)知差異,運(yùn)用翻譯技巧,突破語(yǔ)言和超越語(yǔ)言因素的制約,就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)跨文化翻譯中的文化移植。
2.3 文化翻譯的關(guān)聯(lián)順應(yīng)策略
翻譯策略上的選擇主要取決于原作者和譯者的交際意圖。作為交際的翻譯,對(duì)源語(yǔ)的理解和翻譯過(guò)程中對(duì)語(yǔ)碼的選擇依據(jù)的是關(guān)聯(lián)—順應(yīng)性。成功的翻譯是源語(yǔ)的交際目的與譯語(yǔ)的讀者的期待相吻合。
(Gutt, 2004:120;趙彥春,2005:114)在形式與傳達(dá)源語(yǔ)的意圖存在差異時(shí),我們要根據(jù)交際目的進(jìn)行取舍。文化信息的傳譯翻譯是一個(gè)文化移植的過(guò)程。由于源語(yǔ)讀者和譯語(yǔ)讀者生活在兩種不同的文化形態(tài)中,形成了不同的認(rèn)知環(huán)境,同一信息由于接受者文化背景、價(jià)值觀念、宗教信仰、道德規(guī)范、風(fēng)俗禮儀等的不同,而會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的認(rèn)知。因此,關(guān)聯(lián)理論要求譯者具備與原文讀者相同的背景知識(shí),盡可能挖掘文化內(nèi)涵,達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確的理解,用恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g語(yǔ)來(lái)重構(gòu)原文信息,從而填補(bǔ)原文讀者認(rèn)知的空白。從跨文化交流的角度,我們把翻譯原則歸結(jié)為文化再現(xiàn)?!拔幕佻F(xiàn)”首先指再現(xiàn)源語(yǔ)文化特色。魯迅說(shuō)翻譯必須保持著原作者的“豐姿”,必須有“異國(guó)情調(diào)”,就是所謂“洋氣”。所謂“異國(guó)情調(diào)”指盡量保存原文所蘊(yùn)含的譯語(yǔ)文化特色。譯者必須忠實(shí)地把源語(yǔ)文化再現(xiàn)給譯語(yǔ)讀者,不得任意抹殺和損害源語(yǔ)文化色彩,力求保持源語(yǔ)文化的完整性和一致性。
(5)其形削肩長(zhǎng)頸,瘦不露骨,眉彎秀目,顧盼神飛,唯兩齒微露,似非佳相。(沈三白《浮生六劫》)
譯文:Of a slender figure, she had drooping shoulders and a rather long neck, slim but not to the point of being skinny. Her eyebrows were arched and in her eyes was a look of quick intelligence and soft refinement. The only defect was that her two front teeth were slightly inclined forward, which was not a mark of good omen.(林語(yǔ)堂)
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的美女在西方并不顯得美,“兩齒微露”似不祥之兆,可能也難被西方讀者所接受。但是通過(guò)字里行間的信息,讀者可以取得認(rèn)知關(guān)聯(lián),獲得足夠的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境,推理出文化背后的含義。在可以獲得相關(guān)的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境的前提下,顯然譯者應(yīng)盡可能保持源語(yǔ)的文化特色,保持文化的源語(yǔ)效應(yīng),這有利于傳遞異域的文化。
(6)(趙辛楣)一肚皮的酒,幾乎化成酸醋……(錢(qián)鐘書(shū)《圍城》)
譯文1 :The wine in Hsin-mei’s stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.
譯文2:The considerable amount of wine Hsin-mei had consumed earlier was burning inside and make him sick with jealousy.
由于文化的差異,英美人很難把醋與妒忌聯(lián)系起來(lái),若把“酸醋”像譯文1一樣直譯為“sour vinegar”,則起不到保留原文形象的作用,也無(wú)法讓讀者明白其真正的文化語(yǔ)用含義,因而改成“妒火中燒”較好。可見(jiàn)文化翻譯并不是靜態(tài)的,它關(guān)聯(lián)到平衡雙語(yǔ)的文化,不能不顧譯語(yǔ)的文化特點(diǎn)而一味照搬源語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,進(jìn)行“形式對(duì)等”的逐字死譯。
3. 結(jié)語(yǔ)
語(yǔ)言的翻譯實(shí)質(zhì)上為文化的翻譯,文化關(guān)聯(lián)的翻譯視角為文化翻譯研究提供了新的視野,它在注重翻譯本質(zhì)——語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換的基礎(chǔ)上,探討翻譯認(rèn)知過(guò)程與意義轉(zhuǎn)換所涉及的接受美學(xué)、審美心理、文化生態(tài)、社會(huì)環(huán)境、歷史條件等因素。我們探索跨文化交際中的語(yǔ)用文化在翻譯中的轉(zhuǎn)譯,目的是讓我們清楚理解語(yǔ)言所具有的語(yǔ)言?xún)r(jià)值、文化價(jià)值、語(yǔ)用價(jià)值、社會(huì)價(jià)值和歷史價(jià)值等。為了更好平衡雙語(yǔ)的文化,我們強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯過(guò)程中的平等對(duì)話,發(fā)揮能動(dòng)性,在兩種不同語(yǔ)言的文化中取得平衡,避免文化翻譯走向極端,綜合分析語(yǔ)境、交際者智力、認(rèn)知等制約和影響文化翻譯等因素,通過(guò)多維的關(guān)聯(lián),尋求最佳的語(yǔ)境效果和認(rèn)知效果,采取靈活的翻譯策略,傳遞源語(yǔ)的文化。這為語(yǔ)用文化的翻譯提供新的研究和解決的方法。
參考文獻(xiàn)
Gutt, E. A. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991: 47.
Verschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics[M]. Beijing: FLTRP, 2000: 63.
關(guān)鍵詞:改寫(xiě) 意識(shí)形態(tài) 詩(shī)學(xué)
一、翻譯研究的學(xué)科發(fā)展
20 世紀(jì)70 年代以前,西方翻譯理論界主要采取文藝學(xué)和語(yǔ)言學(xué)兩種研究模式,前者視翻譯為藝術(shù),強(qiáng)調(diào)譯作的文學(xué)價(jià)值,后者視翻譯為科學(xué),把翻譯理論和語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法作用的分析緊密結(jié)合起來(lái),從語(yǔ)言的使用技巧上論述翻譯。兩者都是要把原文和譯文進(jìn)行文本對(duì)照。70 年代以后,翻譯的理論研究出現(xiàn)了多元化的趨勢(shì),越來(lái)越多的學(xué)者開(kāi)始注重文化對(duì)翻譯的影響。他們把翻譯放到一個(gè)宏大的文化語(yǔ)境中去審視,認(rèn)為翻譯是譯入語(yǔ)社會(huì)中一個(gè)獨(dú)特的政治行為、文化行為、文學(xué)行為,而譯本是譯者在譯入語(yǔ)社會(huì)的諸多因素作用下的結(jié)果。從文化角度對(duì)翻譯進(jìn)行研究有著明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),研究者借用各種當(dāng)代文化理論去考察、剖析翻譯作為跨文化交際行為在譯入語(yǔ)社會(huì)中的巨大影響和作用,從而展現(xiàn)出翻譯研究的巨大空間和發(fā)展前景。其中最為著名的就是“翻譯研究學(xué)派”。
1972 年,客居荷蘭的美國(guó)學(xué)者h(yuǎn)olmes 發(fā)表了重要論文《翻譯研究的名與實(shí)》,首次提出了“翻譯研究”的概念,他認(rèn)為翻譯研究應(yīng)當(dāng)被視為一門(mén)獨(dú)立學(xué)科,holmes 也成為翻譯研究學(xué)派的奠基人。翻譯研究在20 世紀(jì)80 和90年代得以迅猛發(fā)展。我們從維也納大學(xué)教授、知名學(xué)者snell-hornby 的論述中能看出其發(fā)展軌跡。1987 年snell-hornby 指出翻譯研究無(wú)疑是屬于未來(lái)的學(xué)科,到了1995 年她在《翻譯研究——綜合法》修訂版的前言中已經(jīng)把翻譯研究稱(chēng)為一門(mén)發(fā)展速度驚人的獨(dú)立學(xué)科了。
很多學(xué)者為翻譯研究后來(lái)的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn),lefevere 就是翻譯研究學(xué)派的一位杰出代表,他的改寫(xiě)理論對(duì)翻譯的文化研究有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
二、改寫(xiě)理論
改寫(xiě)這一概念是lefevere 提出的,他認(rèn)為翻譯、編史、選集、批評(píng)、編輯等等都是不同形式的改寫(xiě),它們都從某種程度上對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了改變和操控,其中翻譯是最為明顯、最有影響的改寫(xiě),因?yàn)樗诹硪环N文化中樹(shù)立了作者或者作品的形象,讓他們突破了原文化的界限。在《翻譯、改寫(xiě)以及對(duì)文學(xué)名聲的制控》的前言中,bassnette 和lefevere 指出翻譯是對(duì)原文的改寫(xiě),而所有的改寫(xiě),不管出于什么目的,都體現(xiàn)了某種意識(shí)形態(tài)和詩(shī)學(xué),也同樣對(duì)文學(xué)進(jìn)行操控讓它在某個(gè)社會(huì)中起到特定的作用(viii)。在這本書(shū)中,lefevere 多次提到改寫(xiě)同意識(shí)形態(tài)和詩(shī)學(xué)的關(guān)系,翻譯作為最明顯的改寫(xiě)形式也要受到意識(shí)形態(tài)和詩(shī)學(xué)的限制。
(一)意識(shí)形態(tài)
意識(shí)形態(tài)有廣泛的意義,是一個(gè)關(guān)于社會(huì)文化的概念。當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘庾R(shí)形態(tài)的時(shí)候,可能會(huì)涉及到政治經(jīng)濟(jì)情況、民族的文化導(dǎo)向甚至某個(gè)社會(huì)的文學(xué)體系。意識(shí)形態(tài)在翻譯中起著重要作用,決定了譯者將要采取的基本策略。lefevere 在他的另一本書(shū)《文學(xué)翻譯:比較文學(xué)背景下的理論與實(shí)踐》中,明確指出譯者都想出版自己的作品,如果譯作同目標(biāo)文化中人們接受的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也就是這種文化中的意識(shí)形態(tài)不沖突,那譯者的目的就容易達(dá)到。翻譯過(guò)程中最為有影響力的意識(shí)形態(tài)限制來(lái)自于政治,尤其是在那些政治敏感的社會(huì)或者時(shí)期,在這樣的情況下,譯者必須做出決定選擇哪些類(lèi)型的文本以及翻譯的策略。
(二)詩(shī)學(xué)
詩(shī)學(xué)包括兩部分,一方面指文學(xué)手段、文學(xué)樣式、主題、原形人物、情節(jié)和象征等一系列文學(xué)要素,另一方面指的是觀念,即在社會(huì)體系中,文學(xué)起什么作用,或應(yīng)起什么作用。不同文化中的詩(shī)學(xué)會(huì)相互沖突,目的語(yǔ)文化中處于主導(dǎo)地位的詩(shī)學(xué)必然會(huì)影響到譯者的翻譯,所以為了達(dá)到某種詩(shī)學(xué)要求,譯者必須做出讓步,因?yàn)橐环N文化中人們廣泛認(rèn)可的詩(shī)學(xué)可能在另一種文化中并不受歡迎,這時(shí)候就需要譯者采取有效的翻譯策略,比如遵循目的語(yǔ)文化中的敘事方式或者改變?cè)鞯慕Y(jié)構(gòu)等等。
改寫(xiě)理論有著很強(qiáng)的適用性,它不同于以往文本對(duì)照的研究方法,而更關(guān)注翻譯的“成品”,為研究文學(xué)翻譯提供了新的視角。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]lefevere, andré. translation, rewriting, & themanipulation of literary fame. shanghai: shanghaiforeign language education press, 2004.
關(guān)鍵詞:文學(xué)翻譯;文化語(yǔ)境;英漢翻譯
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):H315.9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1002-2589(2013)24-0223-02
引言
“文學(xué)翻譯是創(chuàng)造翻譯文學(xué)的手段和過(guò)程?!庇捎谖膶W(xué)作品在其創(chuàng)作素材、背景和方式等方面具有特殊性,文學(xué)翻譯在很多層面受到文化語(yǔ)境的影響和制約,譯者必須充分把握原作及作者、目標(biāo)讀者群的文化語(yǔ)境,合理采用翻譯策略,譯出高質(zhì)量、受歡迎的譯文。
一、語(yǔ)境、文化語(yǔ)境和文學(xué)翻譯
翻譯是一種“帶著鐐銬跳舞”的活動(dòng)。西方名言“Nocontext,notext”也點(diǎn)明了語(yǔ)境對(duì)翻譯有著至關(guān)重要的影響力和制約作用。所有譯文的產(chǎn)生都離不開(kāi)對(duì)語(yǔ)境的分析和理解。
語(yǔ)境即語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,英國(guó)人類(lèi)學(xué)家馬林諾夫斯基最早提出將語(yǔ)境分為文化語(yǔ)境與情景語(yǔ)境。他認(rèn)為文化語(yǔ)境是指“某一言語(yǔ)社團(tuán)特定的社會(huì)規(guī)范和習(xí)俗”。隨著語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究的發(fā)展,文化語(yǔ)境含義的范疇進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,鄧炎昌和劉潤(rùn)清先生認(rèn)為文化是指一個(gè)社會(huì)所具有的獨(dú)特的信仰、習(xí)慣、制度、目標(biāo)和技術(shù)的總模式。文學(xué)翻譯“從內(nèi)容上講,是對(duì)文學(xué)作品的語(yǔ)言形式、藝術(shù)手法、情節(jié)內(nèi)容、形象意境等的再現(xiàn);從語(yǔ)言特征上講,文學(xué)翻譯作品的語(yǔ)言也應(yīng)具有想象性、審美性、創(chuàng)造性和抒情性?!盵1]
文學(xué)作品往往包含并體現(xiàn)著一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的文化現(xiàn)象,文學(xué)翻譯離不開(kāi)對(duì)相關(guān)文化語(yǔ)境的深刻了解與認(rèn)識(shí),文化語(yǔ)境也從多個(gè)方面影響并制約著文學(xué)作品的翻譯。
二、英語(yǔ)文化語(yǔ)境對(duì)文學(xué)翻譯的影響
早期的英語(yǔ)國(guó)家地處西歐沿海地區(qū),因其地理環(huán)境及氣候的獨(dú)特性,歷來(lái)有著不同于其他西方大陸國(guó)家的生活習(xí)性和歷史傳統(tǒng)。隨著歷史的發(fā)展,這些因素在漫長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言演化的過(guò)程中孕育并造就了英語(yǔ)國(guó)家獨(dú)特的文化語(yǔ)境。眾所周知,以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人都有偏愛(ài)使用被動(dòng)式的傾向,比如“Thedoorrefusetoopen”譯成中文就是“我打不開(kāi)這扇門(mén)”,前者讀來(lái)客觀,而后者更顯主觀。其實(shí),英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)式的廣泛使用與英語(yǔ)國(guó)家崇尚科學(xué)和理性的歷史文化背景有著密不可分的關(guān)系。
宗教也是英美國(guó)家文化必不可少的一部分,這也頻繁出現(xiàn)在許多英語(yǔ)文學(xué)創(chuàng)作中,甚至還形成了一些帶有濃厚宗教色彩的固定用法。例如,英文中形容某人窮是說(shuō)“aspoorasachurchmouse”(窮得像教堂里的耗子),而同一個(gè)意思中文卻用“他窮得像叫花子”來(lái)形容。譯者在碰到這類(lèi)情況時(shí)需要仔細(xì)斟酌,如果按照歸化譯法,雖然利于讀者理解和接受,但卻丟失了原文的文化色彩。
除此之外,《圣經(jīng)》一直被看作是西方國(guó)家文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的兩大源頭之一(另一源頭《希臘神話》)。西方學(xué)者也意識(shí)到“如果在后現(xiàn)代的今天還想讓西方經(jīng)典文學(xué)被讀者們接受、讀懂并欣賞的話,交接和熟悉《圣經(jīng)》已是當(dāng)務(wù)之急”[2]。在英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品中引用《圣經(jīng)》典故的現(xiàn)象俯拾皆是,直接以圣經(jīng)故事為創(chuàng)作原型的作品也屢見(jiàn)不鮮。如哈代《苔絲》中的三個(gè)主要人物:苔絲、安吉拉和阿克雷,就分別對(duì)應(yīng)《舊約?創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》里的夏娃、亞當(dāng)和蛇。由此可見(jiàn),《圣經(jīng)》對(duì)英語(yǔ)文化語(yǔ)境有著不容忽視的深刻影響――它既是作者創(chuàng)作的源泉,也是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家人們的血肉,是與他們的生命牢不可分的一部分。所以譯者在翻譯文學(xué)作品時(shí)必須對(duì)其中的經(jīng)典引用做到心中有數(shù),務(wù)必要在理解了作者引用意圖和深層含義后再開(kāi)始翻譯工作,以使譯文準(zhǔn)確,易于讀者理解和接受。
三、原作者及譯者的文化語(yǔ)境對(duì)文學(xué)翻譯的影響
“創(chuàng)作即叛逆”這句話無(wú)論是用在原作者還是譯者身上都十分貼切。對(duì)于作者而言,進(jìn)行文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的過(guò)程就是制造一個(gè)還未出現(xiàn)過(guò)的藝術(shù)品的過(guò)程。由于每個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境和經(jīng)歷不同,這就導(dǎo)致不同作者在創(chuàng)作過(guò)程中所使用的創(chuàng)作手法、選材用料等都被各自的文化語(yǔ)境打上了深刻的烙印。
英國(guó)著名農(nóng)民詩(shī)人羅伯特?彭斯長(zhǎng)于英國(guó)蘇格蘭西南部的農(nóng)民家庭,他創(chuàng)作的詩(shī)歌大都以歌頌自然的壯美、勞動(dòng)人民的淳樸以及愛(ài)情為主,詩(shī)風(fēng)淳樸自然、極富鄉(xiāng)土氣息,這與他生于農(nóng)村長(zhǎng)于農(nóng)村的生活背景密不可分。因此翻譯文學(xué)作品之前需要對(duì)作者的背景有大致的掌握,譯者只有在了解原作者創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格的基礎(chǔ)上才能理解其創(chuàng)作意圖和行文方式,從而更好地理解原文,將原作的內(nèi)容和形式準(zhǔn)確、流暢地再現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
對(duì)譯者本身而言,正如我國(guó)文學(xué)大師郭沫若曾說(shuō)“翻譯是一種創(chuàng)造性的工作,好的翻譯等于創(chuàng)作,甚至還可能超過(guò)創(chuàng)作?!弊g者受信仰、社會(huì)傳統(tǒng)、教育背景等文化語(yǔ)境因素的影響,在文學(xué)翻譯的過(guò)程中往往會(huì)根據(jù)自己的喜好、翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)和原則有所偏好地選擇原作和譯文。一位喜愛(ài)外國(guó)小說(shuō)的譯者會(huì)很少涉及英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典詩(shī)歌的翻譯。同樣譯培根的《論讀書(shū)》,王佐良的譯文半文半白,古雅莊重,而廖運(yùn)范的譯文則平白如話,曉暢易懂。譯者的個(gè)性化翻譯就是文學(xué)翻譯“創(chuàng)造性叛逆”的最好體現(xiàn)。一個(gè)好的譯文不僅能表達(dá)出原作的內(nèi)容,更重要的是傳達(dá)出原作的神韻,有時(shí)譯作甚至?xí)〉帽仍鞲玫姆错懀@都?xì)w功于譯者深厚的雙語(yǔ)和雙文化功底,以及對(duì)源語(yǔ)言和目的語(yǔ)文化語(yǔ)境的得體把握。
此外,在英漢文學(xué)翻譯的過(guò)程中會(huì)不可避免的碰到一些文化意象的翻譯,這些文化意象大都是各個(gè)民族智慧與歷史文化的結(jié)晶,且表現(xiàn)形式多樣,但只要一提起,就會(huì)讓具有相同文化語(yǔ)境的人產(chǎn)生心領(lǐng)神會(huì)的感覺(jué),完成思想的溝通。但問(wèn)題在于,同一意象在不同的文化語(yǔ)境中可能有著不同的,甚至截然相反的含義。用語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的話來(lái)說(shuō)“世界各族人看到的同一客觀現(xiàn)象。不同的民族語(yǔ)言卻給它刷上了不同的顏色?!逼┤纭拔黠L(fēng)”在西方代表著溫暖和雨水,為人們所青睞,詩(shī)人雪萊在《西風(fēng)頌》中歌頌西風(fēng)的巨大力量,表達(dá)自己對(duì)西風(fēng)的敬畏和喜愛(ài);但對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō),“西風(fēng)”往往意味著“嚴(yán)冬”和“寒冷”,其在詩(shī)作中的意象也常常偏向于冷落凄清。這種文化意象的錯(cuò)位反映在文學(xué)翻譯的諸多方面,對(duì)這些文化意象的合理處理時(shí)刻考驗(yàn)著譯者的雙文化功底和對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言文化語(yǔ)境的良好把握。
四、目的讀者群的文化語(yǔ)境對(duì)文學(xué)翻譯的制約
“文學(xué)翻譯的目的就是提供讀者閱讀的譯本……考慮讀者因素是譯本成敗的關(guān)鍵之一?!盵1]所以譯者在進(jìn)行文學(xué)翻譯之前必須考慮這部作品到底面向哪些讀者群。不同年齡段、不同教育背景、不同文化背景的讀者對(duì)譯文有著不同的期望和需求,譯者需對(duì)目標(biāo)讀者群的需求有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識(shí),并據(jù)此選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)奈膶W(xué)原作進(jìn)行“因材施譯”的翻譯工作。而且哪怕是對(duì)同一個(gè)作品的翻譯,譯作也應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的讀者群相應(yīng)地調(diào)整翻譯策略和基本要求。
翻譯一部文字優(yōu)美、意境深遠(yuǎn)的文學(xué)原著,如果是面向文化水平較高的讀者,那么譯者在求“信”和“達(dá)”的同時(shí)就不得不多下工夫力求達(dá)到“雅”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),反之,則如當(dāng)下流行的外國(guó)名著的兒童譯本,譯者在翻譯《茶花女》、《雙城記》等文學(xué)價(jià)值頗高的作品時(shí)沒(méi)有按照原作的行文風(fēng)格翻譯,而是盡量選擇淺顯易懂的詞句,必要的時(shí)候還對(duì)原作進(jìn)行刪減以防對(duì)兒童讀者產(chǎn)生不必要的閱讀障礙。
隨著中外交流的加深和英語(yǔ)教育的普及,不少讀者已經(jīng)具有了閱讀原版小說(shuō)的能力,面對(duì)此類(lèi)讀者的譯作就對(duì)譯者提出了更高的要求。比如今年來(lái)風(fēng)靡全球的奇幻小說(shuō)《魔戒》,其中譯本由某著名出版社推出,但譯本一面世就遭到的讀者的批評(píng),原因就在于部分讀者在閱讀原著和譯作后,發(fā)現(xiàn)譯者在翻譯過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的漏譯、錯(cuò)譯、望文生義、憑空增譯等問(wèn)題?!坝行┡u(píng)之鞭辟入里讓記者都驚嘆普通讀者對(duì)西方現(xiàn)代奇幻文學(xué)的熟悉程度已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了傳統(tǒng)的文學(xué)家與文學(xué)翻譯者……傳統(tǒng)譯者出現(xiàn)了滯后于讀者的情況?!痹谶@種情況下,翻譯現(xiàn)當(dāng)代流行文學(xué)作品的譯者就很有必要審慎地處理原著文本并且謙遜地接受讀者的批評(píng)意見(jiàn),讓譯者與讀者合作打造出一個(gè)更加貼近原著的譯文。
五、.結(jié)語(yǔ)
“文學(xué)翻譯是譯入語(yǔ)文學(xué)吸收、借鑒外來(lái)文學(xué),從而促進(jìn)自身文學(xué)革新和發(fā)展的重要途徑?!庇h文學(xué)翻譯在促進(jìn)中西文化交流、幫助我國(guó)讀者了解西方風(fēng)土人情等方面也起到了極大的推動(dòng)作用。翻譯活動(dòng)離不開(kāi)對(duì)語(yǔ)境的準(zhǔn)確把握,在文學(xué)翻譯中,文化語(yǔ)境的作用和影響力則顯得尤為突出,譯者若不能很好地理解并掌握這些文化語(yǔ)境,勢(shì)必將對(duì)譯文的質(zhì)量和水平產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,使譯文詞不達(dá)意,令人費(fèi)解,更有甚者會(huì)張冠李戴,貽笑大方。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]胡顯耀,李力.高級(jí)文學(xué)翻譯[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2009:37.
[2]T?S?艾略特.基督教與文化[M].楊民生,陳常錦,譯,成都:四川人民出版社,1989:25.
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[4]包惠南.文化語(yǔ)境與語(yǔ)言翻譯[M].北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2001.
[5]鄧炎昌,劉潤(rùn)清.語(yǔ)言與文化[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,1996.
[6]關(guān)孜惠.文化語(yǔ)境與翻譯[J].外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2003,(3).
[7]宮雪斐.淺析文化語(yǔ)境對(duì)翻譯活動(dòng)的影響[J].青年科學(xué),2010,(12)
【關(guān)鍵詞】龍;功能主義翻譯理論;跨文化交際
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):B15文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1006-0278(2012)01-148-01
在一項(xiàng)翻譯活動(dòng)中,文化起著非常重要的作用。翻譯時(shí)跨文化交際的重要工具,因而在對(duì)純語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中實(shí)現(xiàn)文化的順利對(duì)接才能算是真正成功的翻譯。本論文淺談在對(duì)“龍”這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)在漢德語(yǔ)的翻譯過(guò)程中所存在的文化不對(duì)等現(xiàn)象,并利用德國(guó)的功能翻譯理論對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析研究。
寓言神話文化中的中國(guó)“龍”和德國(guó)“龍”到底有著什么樣的差別呢?首先我們來(lái)看看中國(guó)“龍”是怎樣的一個(gè)形象。中國(guó)古代的神話與傳說(shuō)中,龍是一種神異動(dòng)物,具有九種動(dòng)物合而為一之九不像之形象。目前公認(rèn)龍的起源是多種動(dòng)物的綜合體,是原始社會(huì)形成的一種圖騰崇拜的標(biāo)志。傳說(shuō)多為其能顯能隱,能細(xì)能巨,能短能長(zhǎng)。春分登天,秋分潛淵,呼風(fēng)喚雨,無(wú)所不能。這些已經(jīng)是晚期發(fā)展了龍的形象。封建時(shí)代龍是帝王的象征,也用來(lái)指帝王和帝王的東西:龍種、龍顏、龍廷、龍袍、龍宮等。龍?jiān)谥袊?guó)傳統(tǒng)的十二生肖中排第五,其與白虎、朱雀、玄武一起并稱(chēng)“四神獸”。
“龍”在中國(guó)的歷史與文化中起著極其重要的作用。中國(guó)人稱(chēng)自己為“龍的傳人”,他象征著神圣,在成語(yǔ)“神龍見(jiàn)尾不見(jiàn)首”,“藏龍臥虎”都有較強(qiáng)的體現(xiàn),以及古代君王稱(chēng)自己為“龍中”,“龍脈”的沿襲等等;他象征著力量,例如“龍爭(zhēng)虎斗”,“龍騰虎躍”等成語(yǔ)都給人一種霸氣與強(qiáng)勁的感覺(jué);他指代杰出人才,“人中之龍”,“臥虎藏龍”以及“群龍無(wú)首”等成語(yǔ)揭示了龍?jiān)诒扔魅说臅r(shí)候是帶有極其強(qiáng)烈的褒義色彩的。
德國(guó)的“Drache”又承載了哪些歷史文化意義呢?西方龍的形象主要出現(xiàn)在宗教范疇和神話故事中。龍?jiān)诨浇讨斜灰暈閻耗У南笳魇窃醋悦浪鞑贿_(dá)米亞神話,在美索不達(dá)米亞神話中,龍是“海洋中恐怖的生命,具有禍害人,被神消滅的命運(yùn)?!卑捅葌惿裨捴械挠⑿垴R杜克的對(duì)手提亞瑪托與赫梯神話中的伊盧揚(yáng)卡什,皆為其中例子。居住在美索不達(dá)米亞區(qū)域附近的猶太人也曾受其影響,并將這一種觀念繼承下去,龍?jiān)讵q太教與基督教中漸漸成為惡魔的象征。
與“龍”在中國(guó)文化中積極正面的形象剛好相反,德語(yǔ)中的“龍”往往帶有貶義色彩。他代表邪惡,德語(yǔ)單詞“Hausdrache”的字面意思是家中的龍,卻有悍婦的意思,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“母老虎”,再如“Drachenbrut”,原義為龍蛋,卻的德語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下被理解為暴徒,還有“Drachensaat”的字面意思應(yīng)是不帶有任何語(yǔ)言色彩的“龍種”的意思,但在德國(guó)人聽(tīng)來(lái)卻傳達(dá)出“引起糾紛和爭(zhēng)吵的根源”或“不和的種子”的意味。所以說(shuō)在德國(guó)人或確切的說(shuō)在西方人的印象中,“龍”是一種邪惡勢(shì)力的代表,最終要被正義方打敗與消滅的,也就是說(shuō)在好與壞,光明與黑暗,黑與白的對(duì)立中“龍”是屬于“壞”,“黑暗”以及“黑”的那一方的。這與中國(guó)文化中“龍”的形象有著天壤之別,中國(guó)“龍”不僅代表正義的一方,而且還額外的具有“力量”與“杰出”的意味。
在這樣一個(gè)有著極大差異的文化理解下,人們?cè)趯?duì)中德“龍”的翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的過(guò)程中要做何處理呢?這個(gè)時(shí)候純語(yǔ)言學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)翻譯理論已經(jīng)無(wú)法順利地解決問(wèn)題了,傳統(tǒng)翻譯理論追求語(yǔ)言學(xué)上的“對(duì)等理論”,注重的是兩種語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換及翻譯的信息交流功能,但忽視了翻譯的本質(zhì)― 不僅是純語(yǔ)言方面的交流,也包括不同文化間的交流。因而在處理語(yǔ)言中的文化因素時(shí)傳統(tǒng)的功能對(duì)等理論是有一定缺陷的。這就促成了20世紀(jì)70年代西方翻譯研究中譯語(yǔ)文化的轉(zhuǎn)向,人們開(kāi)始更多的關(guān)注譯文的社會(huì)效應(yīng)和交際功能。代表的流派就有德國(guó)的功能主義翻譯理論,旨在把翻譯研究納入跨文化交際研究中,指出翻譯涉及跨文化的一切語(yǔ)言符號(hào)與非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換。
論文摘要:英漢翻譯是英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的交流,也是英漢兩種文化的信息傳遞。要想在英漢翻譯中準(zhǔn)確地傳遞文化信息,翻譯者必須對(duì)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)及其文化差異有深刻的了解。
語(yǔ)言是文化的載體,反映文化并對(duì)文化起非常重要的作用;同時(shí),語(yǔ)言作為文化的一部分,又深受文化的影響。語(yǔ)言與文化相互影響,相互作用:理解語(yǔ)言必須了解文化,理解文化也必須了解語(yǔ)言,二者密不可分。在英漢翻譯中,要準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行英漢互譯,并準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行文化信息傳遞,翻譯者應(yīng)具有良好的中英語(yǔ)言功底和翻譯技巧,尤為重要的是,還必須對(duì)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)及其文化差異有深刻的了解。
一、英漢文化伯息傳遞與英漢語(yǔ)言差異
為了提高英漢翻譯水平,有必要開(kāi)展英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的對(duì)比研究。這種研究的作用,從微觀上來(lái)說(shuō),有利于在進(jìn)行雙語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí),判斷哪些是對(duì)應(yīng)信息和非對(duì)應(yīng)信息,并選擇適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換模式;從宏觀上說(shuō).可以樹(shù)立這樣一種觀念,即英漢語(yǔ)言之間的相同是相對(duì)的,而相異則是絕對(duì)的,以免造成翻譯中文化信息傳遞的誤差。
漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)屬于兩個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)系.漢語(yǔ)屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系,英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系??梢韵胂?,英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的區(qū)別是非常大的。不了解兩種語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)和區(qū)別,準(zhǔn)確的翻譯則無(wú)從談起,自然也就無(wú)法進(jìn)行英漢文化信息傳遞。下面就從英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在詞匯和語(yǔ)法兩個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)和區(qū)別來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)英漢翻譯要注意哪些方面。
在詞匯方面,英漢翻譯要特別注意以下兩點(diǎn):
(一)在一種語(yǔ)言里的有些詞在另一種語(yǔ)言里并沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)詞。如:漢語(yǔ)中的“餃子”、“功夫”、“氣功”、“三伏”等,在英語(yǔ)中就沒(méi)有這些概念;而英語(yǔ)中的‘`coffee" ,"radar","bingo”等,以前在中國(guó)也沒(méi)有這些對(duì)應(yīng)的詞匯。怎樣在翻譯中處理這些詞呢?我們可以采取音譯和意譯的辦法。如把漢語(yǔ)中的“餃子”、“功夫”、“氣功”等分別音譯成“jiaozi" } "kungfu" , "chigong",把“coffee" ,"radar”音譯成漢語(yǔ)“咖啡”、“雷達(dá)”;而漢語(yǔ)中的“三伏”則可意譯為“the hottest days in summer",英語(yǔ)中的"bingo”可意譯為漢語(yǔ)“一種類(lèi)似玩彩票的游戲’,。
(二)在兩種語(yǔ)言里,某些詞語(yǔ)表面L似乎指同一事物或概念,其實(shí)指的是另一回事。如英語(yǔ)中rest room休息室,busboy公共汽車(chē)上的售票員;漢語(yǔ)中“農(nóng)民”尹farmer ,“愛(ài)人”并lover等。在翻譯中,我們不能隨意“對(duì)號(hào)人座”,而要根據(jù)其詞匯的實(shí)際意思進(jìn)行翻譯。如:英語(yǔ)中的rest mom指的是大建筑中的一間房子,里面設(shè)有廁所,洗漱設(shè)備等,我們可根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境翻譯成“廁所”或“洗浴間”等;busboy在英語(yǔ)中指是餐館中收拾碗蝶、擦桌子的雜工,我們可根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境翻譯成“店小二”、“餐館服務(wù)員”等;漢語(yǔ)中的“農(nóng)民”最好譯成“peas-ant",因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中的‘`farmer”指的是“農(nóng)場(chǎng)主”,與漢語(yǔ)中的“農(nóng)民”大有區(qū)別;漢語(yǔ)中的“愛(ài)人”最好譯成“wife”或"husband",因?yàn)椤發(fā)over”在英語(yǔ)中是“情人”的意思,與漢語(yǔ)中“愛(ài)人”的意思大相徑庭。
在語(yǔ)法方面.英漢翻譯中要注意兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法上有以下不同:
(一)漢語(yǔ)里很少用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而英語(yǔ)則常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如漢語(yǔ)中的“家庭作業(yè)已經(jīng)完成”,翻譯成英語(yǔ)則是"The homework has been finished".而不能譯成:"Thehomework has finished
(二)漢語(yǔ)中常省略句子中的動(dòng)詞,而英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞則一般不省略(口語(yǔ)除外),如漢語(yǔ)中的“這公園很漂亮”沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,翻譯成英語(yǔ)則是:"The park is very beau-tiful" ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“is”一般不能省略。
(三)漢語(yǔ)中只有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別,沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化,而英語(yǔ)中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同,句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也必定不同。如漢語(yǔ)中的“學(xué)生昨天植樹(shù)”和“學(xué)生明天植樹(shù)”,雖然時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“昨天”和“明天”不同,但謂語(yǔ)都是“植樹(shù)”。但翻譯成英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)就不同了,“學(xué)生昨天植樹(shù)”譯成“The students planted trees yesterday.",“學(xué)生明天植樹(shù),,則譯為“The students will plant trees tomorrow.",謂語(yǔ)分別是“planted”和“will plant" 。
(四)漢語(yǔ)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)是“疊加式”,句子結(jié)構(gòu)像“糖葫蘆串”,一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞或一個(gè)句子一個(gè)句子地疊加。而英語(yǔ)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)是“樹(shù)權(quán)式”,主、謂、賓和主句是主干,定、狀、補(bǔ)和分句等是樹(shù)權(quán),并有一定的順序。如漢語(yǔ)中的“一人得道,雞犬升天”是兩個(gè)單句,翻譯成英語(yǔ)則譯為“Even the dog swaggers when its master win fa-vor" ,“一人得道”變成了從句,而“雞犬升天”則是主句。
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的差異還有其它很多方面的區(qū)別,這里不再一一列舉。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行英漢翻譯時(shí),要符合兩種語(yǔ)言的不同特點(diǎn),英譯漢則要把英語(yǔ)譯成地道的漢語(yǔ),而不是“英式漢語(yǔ)”;漢譯英則要把漢語(yǔ)譯成地道的英語(yǔ),而不是“中式英語(yǔ)”(Chingliah) 。
二、英漢文化信息傳遞與英漢文化差異
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)是兩種不同文化的語(yǔ)言。語(yǔ)言作為文化的一部分,不同語(yǔ)言的差異實(shí)際上來(lái)源于其語(yǔ)言所代表的文化差異,因而加深對(duì)英漢文化差異的了解,是在英漢翻譯中準(zhǔn)確地傳遞文化信息的關(guān)鍵。英漢兩種文化的差異是多方面的,包括語(yǔ)言交際、生活方式、衣著打扮、舉止行為、飲食習(xí)慣等。但在英漢翻譯中,主要涉及的是英漢語(yǔ)言交際上的差異,因此本篇只圍繞英漢語(yǔ)言交際方面進(jìn)行探討。英漢文化差異在語(yǔ)言交際中的表現(xiàn)主要應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面:
(一)日常談話中的文化差異
英漢日常談話的文化差異主要體現(xiàn)在打招呼、告別、稱(chēng)呼、祝賀和贊揚(yáng)等方面。如果你是一名口譯者,就要特別注意這些差異。例如,在打招呼方面,中國(guó)人都喜歡用“你吃了嗎?”和“你到哪兒去?”這類(lèi)的問(wèn)句。如果把這兩句說(shuō)成“Have you eaten yet?”和“Whereare you going?”,很容易引起以英語(yǔ)為本族語(yǔ)的人的誤解。因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)問(wèn)句,而且是詢(xún)問(wèn)他們隱私的問(wèn)句,這樣會(huì)使他們感到不愉快,而且即使回答的話,也會(huì)與中國(guó)人所期待的大相徑庭。也許回答是"It’s none of your business!”(不關(guān)你的事!),那就會(huì)使談話雙方都處于尷尬的境地。所以,如果你了解這點(diǎn)文化差異的話,你最好按英語(yǔ)文化打招呼的習(xí)慣說(shuō)成"Hello”或“Glad to see you!”就行了。再如在稱(chēng)呼方面,英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人一般都直呼其名,再客氣一點(diǎn)也除非在名字或姓名前加上Mr或Mis、等,如Mr Smith , Misssmith等。但中國(guó)人都喜歡在姓名或姓前加上職務(wù)、輩份等以示尊敬,如“黃局長(zhǎng)”、“林老師”、“李大伯”等。我們翻譯的時(shí)候,就要注意這方面的差異,把“黃局長(zhǎng)”、“林老師”、“李大伯”通通按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣翻譯成‘`Mr/MissHuang" , "Mr/Miss lin" , "Mr 1i"。再如:中國(guó)人和說(shuō)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人在對(duì)祝賀和贊揚(yáng)方面的反應(yīng)也大不相同,前者則一般用“哪里哪里!”、“過(guò)獎(jiǎng)了!”之類(lèi)的話表示受之有愧,而后者一般用“Thank you”之類(lèi)表示感謝的話表示接受贊揚(yáng)、祝賀。我們?cè)诜g的時(shí)候,這類(lèi)句子不能直譯,而應(yīng)根據(jù)雙方的文化習(xí)慣稍加調(diào)整。
(二)成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和格言方面的差異
成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和格言的英漢互譯一直是英漢翻譯中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn).難的原因在于它們非常集中地體現(xiàn)了英漢文化差異。在英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中,完全對(duì)應(yīng)的成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和格言是很少的,絕大部分不同。因而我們?cè)诜g這類(lèi)內(nèi)容時(shí),不能直譯,我們可以把這些句子翻譯成與對(duì)方語(yǔ)言相似意思的成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和格言。如英語(yǔ)中的”Live and learn"要譯成”活到老學(xué)到老”,而不是直譯成”生活和學(xué)”。但如果找不到對(duì)方語(yǔ)言中對(duì)應(yīng)的成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和格言時(shí),我們最好先按原文的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格直譯,然后再加畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的解釋語(yǔ),如把漢語(yǔ)中的”掛羊頭,賣(mài)狗肉”譯成”Hang upa sheep’s head and sell dog’s meat-try to palm off sthinferior to what it purports to be",前部分直譯保持了原文風(fēng)格,后部分解釋語(yǔ)用了地道的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)法,效果就很好了。
(三)比喻和聯(lián)想的差異
所有的語(yǔ)言中都有比喻和聯(lián)想,同樣,英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中的比喻和聯(lián)想也很豐富。雖有少數(shù)比喻和聯(lián)想在兩種語(yǔ)言中都有對(duì)等的表達(dá),如’’as sly as fox"像狐貍一樣狡猾)"You ass”(你這頭笨驢!)。但大部分比喻和聯(lián)想在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中是大不相同的,如:英語(yǔ)中的”aswise as an owl"(非常聰明),不能直譯成”像貓頭鷹一樣聰明”,因?yàn)樵谥袊?guó)人的印象中,貓頭鷹并不是”聰明”的象征,而是”厄運(yùn)”的象征。同樣”You,a lucky dog(你是幸運(yùn)兒)”,也不能直譯成”你是一只幸運(yùn)的狗”,因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人一般不會(huì)把”狗”與”幸運(yùn)”聯(lián)系到一起,倒是常常會(huì)想到令人厭惡的東西,如”狗腿子”、”狗東西”等。這種在英漢文化中對(duì)同一種動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生不同比喻和聯(lián)想的情況是很多的,因此我們?cè)谟h翻譯要注意英漢文化在比喻和聯(lián)想方面的差異,切不可死搬硬套,望文生義。